formulas and isomerism definitions Flashcards

1
Q

what is empirical formula?

A

simplest whole number of ratio of the atoms of each elements in a molecule

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2
Q

what is molecular formula?

A

actual number of atoms of each element in molecule

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3
Q

what is general formula?

A

algebraic formula that describes any member of a homologous series

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4
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

family of organic molecules that have same general formula and functional group

  • differ by -CH2
  • different physical properties
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5
Q

what is structural formula?

A

shows arrangement of atoms in molecule in simplified form

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6
Q

what is displayed formula?

A

shows every atom and bond in molecule

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7
Q

what is skeletal formula?

A

shows bonds of carbon skeleton only

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8
Q

what are the two types of isomers?

A
  • structural isomers

- stereoisomers

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9
Q

what is a structural isomer?

A

molecule with same molecular formula but different structural formula

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10
Q

what are the three types of structural isomers?

A
  • chain
  • position
  • functional group
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11
Q

what are chain isomers and their properties?

A
  • different arrangement of carbon skeleton
  • similar chemical properties
  • different physical properties
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12
Q

what are position isomers and their properties?

A
  • different position of functional group
  • same carbon skeleton
  • similar chemical properties
  • different physical properties
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13
Q

what are functional group isomers and their properties

A
  • different functional group
  • different chemical properties
  • different physical properties
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14
Q

state three types of functional group isomers

A
  • aldehydes/ketones
  • acids/esters
  • alchols/ethers
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15
Q

what is a geometric isomer?

A

same molecular formula but different spatial arrangement

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16
Q

what is the other type of stereoisomer?

A

optical isomerisms

17
Q

what rules are used for stating E-Z isomerism?

A

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules (CIP)

18
Q

how does CIP rules work?

A
  • look at atoms attached directly to carbon on either side of double bond
  • the atom with highest atomic number has higher priority
  • if the both atoms attached to carbon atom on same side of double bond are the same, look at next atom in group
  • if the highest priority groups are both above/below - Z isomerism
  • if they are different then its E isomerism
19
Q

why do alkenes exhibit E-Z isomerism?

A

restricted rotation due to double covalen bonds so gropus on either side of bond are frozen
since structures cannot interchange easily, the atoms occupy differnt spatial arrangements