Formulas

Question 1

Mass and Balance

Question 2

Dry/Empty Operating Mass(D/EOM)

Answer 2

BEM + Variable Load = DOM

Question 3

Operating Mass (OM)

Answer 3

DOM + TOF = OM
BEM + VL(variable load) + TOF = OM

Question 4

Zero Fuel Mass(ZFM)

Answer 4

DOM + TL(traffic load) = ZFM
BEM + VL + TL = ZFM

Question 5

Take-Off Fuel(TOF)

Answer 5

Block Fuel - Start Fuel = TOF

Question 6

Landing Fuel

Answer 6

Take Off Fuel - Trip Fuel = Landing Fuel

Question 7

1-Total Moment About Datum
2-CG Pos Relative To Datum

Answer 7

1- M x D = Total Moment
With multiple : (M1 x d1) + (M2 x d2) = Total Moment
2-CG Pos = Total Moment/Total Mass

Question 8

MAC :
1-What are the A, C and D distances
2-what is the formula for calculating MAC

Answer 8

1-A-Distance from Datum to CG
C-Distance from Datum to LeMAC
D-Length of MAC
2-(A-C)/D x 100 = %MAC

Question 9

Floor Loading

Answer 9

FL = Max Weight On Floor/Area On Floor

Question 10

Load Shifting

Answer 10

m d (CIC)
— x ———–
M M (CIA)
Where : m = Mass to be moved
M = Total mass of a/c
d(CIC/change in CG) = distance CG will move from original pos
D(CIA/Change in Arm) = greatest distance the mass m is moved/added/subtracted

Question 11

Traffic Load

Answer 11

TL = MZFM - DOM
TL = MTOM - (DOM + Fuel at TO)
TL = MLM - (DOM + Fuel at Landing)

Question 12

Flight Planning

Question 13

Point Of Equal Time

Answer 13

PET = GSH / (GSO + GSH) x Total Distance

Question 14

Steps to solve PET

Answer 14

-Draw sketch, taking note of direction of arrows
-Calc GSO and GSH for each leg
-Apply formula to calculate distance to PET
-Apply leg time function on pathfinder to calculate time to PET

Question 15

Critical Point

Answer 15

CP Dist(nm) = RGSH / (RGSO + RGSH) x Total Distance

Question 16

Steps to solve CP

Answer 16

-Draw sketch noting direction of arrows
-Calculate Reduced GSO and RGSH for each leg
-Apply formula to calculate distance to CP
-Apply leg time function on pathfinder to FULL TAS to calculate the FULL GS and then calculate time to CP

Question 17

Point Of No (Safe) Return (PNR/PSR)

Answer 17

PNR Time = GSR / (GSO+GSH) x Safe endurance

Question 18

Steps to solve PNR/PSR

Answer 18

-Draw sketch noting direction of arrows
-Calculate GSO and GSH for each leg
-Apply formula to calculate the time to PNR
-Apply distance function on pathfinder to calculate distance to PNR

Question 19

Performance Related PNR

Answer 19

PNR Dist = Safe endurance in kg / (kg/gnm Out + kg/gnm Return)

Reserve fuel:
(total volume of fuel x 100) / (100 + X%)
X=%endurance

Question 20

Range and Endurance

Answer 20

GNM = ANM x (GS/TAS)

Question 21

Basic Performance

Answer 21

1- TAS/Fuel Flow = performance(ANM/KG)
2- GS/Fuel Flow = performance(GNM/KG)

Question 22

Rate and Angle of Climb

Answer 22

Climb Gradient = Height Gained / Distance Travelled
Climb Angle = RoC(fpm) / Speed(kts)

Question 23

Climb Calculations

Answer 23

GNM = ANM + ( (Time x Wind) / 60)

Question 24

Climb and Cruise
Construction of the Drift down Profile

Answer 24

Dist(nm) = (Height interval(ft) / %gradient) x 100

Question 25

Performance Related PNR

Answer 25

PNR Dist=Safe endurance in kg / (Kg/GNM Out + Kg/GNM Return)

Question 26

Structural Limitations

Answer 26

1-BEM
2-BEM + Crew and Special Equipment
=DOM
3-BEM + CSE + TL
=Zero Fuel Mass
4-BEM + CSE + TL + Fuel, start and taxi
=Ramp Mass
5-BEM + CSE + TL + Fuel
=Take Off Mass

Question 27

Operating Mass

Answer 27

DOM + TOF = OM
BEM + VL + TOF = OM

Question 28

Zero Fuel Mass

Answer 28

DOM + TL = ZFM
BEM + VL + TL = ZFM

Question 29

Climbing
%Gradient
Time
Distance

Answer 29

%Gradient = ROC/GS x 100
Time = Height Gain/ROC
Dist = GS x Time

Question 30

Drift Down Profile

Answer 30

Dist(nm) = Height Interval(ft) / %Gradient x 100