Formatives Past Papers 2 Flashcards
Which one of the following statements is true regarding the structure of skin?
A. sebaceous glands are present in skin of all parts of body.
B. the epidermis has blood vessels and lymphatics.
C. the dermis is comprised of stratified squamous epithelium.
D. the dermis contains hair follicles.
A. sebaceous glands are present in skin of all parts of body = false - only present in dermis
B. the epidermis has blood vessels and lymphatics = false - only in dermis
C. the dermis is comprised of stratified squamous epithelium = false - epidermis is strat squam but dermis is made of dense, irregular CT that houses blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures.
D. the dermis contains hair follicles.

Carpal tunnel syndrome affects which of the following nerves?
A. Musculocutaneous
B. Ulnar
C. Radial
D. Median
E. Anterior interossous
Carpal tunnel syndrome affects which of the following nerves?
A. Musculocutaneous
B. Ulnar
C. Radial
D. Median
E. Anterior interossous
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist.

- In the forearm, which of the following statements is true?
A. The head of the ulna is proximal while the head of the radius is distal.
B. Both the head of the ulna and the head of the radius are proximal.
C. The head of the ulna is distal while the head of the radius is proximal.
D. Both the head of the ulna and the head of the radius are distal.
C. The head of the ulna is distal while the head of the radius is proximal.
Ulnar is medial and Radius is lateral
Ulna head is distal - connects to wrist
Radius head is proximal - connects to humerus

- In what order to the structures run in the femoral triangle (from lateral to medial)?
A. femoral artery, femoral vein, femoral nerve
B. femoral vein, femoral artery, femoral nerve
C. greater saphenous vein, femoral artery, femoral nerve
D. femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein.
Femoral Triangle - Lateral to Medial = NAV
D. femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein.
Femoral Triangle - Medial to Lateral = VAN
A patient is complaining of abdominal pain which you suspect is caused by appendicitis. Which surface landmarks would you use to palpate over the base of the appendix?
A. The junction of the lateral third and middle third of a line between the umbilicus and greater trochanter of the femur
B. The junction of the lateral third and middle third of a line between the umbilicus and right anterior superior iliac spine.
C. Two third of the distance between the umbilicus and the left anterior superior iliac spine.
D. Half way between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine.
Base of appendix surface landmark
B. The junction of the lateral third and middle third of a line between the umbilicus and right anterior superior iliac spine.
D. Half way between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine. = mid-inguinal point = femoral pulse
- Which one of the following statements about the sternal angle is false?
A. It is at the level of T2/T3 intervertebral disc
B. It is where the trachea bifurcates into two primary bronchi.
C. It is the level of T4/5 intervertebral disc.
D. It is the level of the 2nd sternocostal junction.
E. The azygos vein enters the superior vena cava.
A. It is at the level of T2/T3 intervertebral disc = False - Sternal angle (Angle of Louis/Manubriosternal junction) = at T4-T5
An 18 year old is brought to the ED after being stabbed in the chest. He is bleeding profusely. Examination shows a horizontal knife wound in the first right intercostal space, immediately lateral to the manubrium, 5 cm deep. Which one of the following structures is most likely to be injured?
A. Right brachiocephalic vein.
B. Ascending aorta
C. SVC
D. Right ventricle
E. Right subclavian artery
A. Right brachiocephalic vein.

- A 9 year old child presents to the ED with a painful swelling of the left elbow after having fallen onto the outstretched left hand while playing football. The child is unable to flex his index finger or make a circle with the index finger and thumb. An X ray shows a supracondylar fracture. The nerve most likely to be injured is the:
A. Ulnar nerve.
B. Median nerve
C. Radial nerve
D. Musculocutaneous nerve.
E. Axillary nerve.
B. Median nerve
Explanation: The radial nerve supplies posterior of arm - triceps, posterior forearm muscles and they are all extensors so a radial nerve injury - patients can’t extend fingers so their hands are curved. If it’s a radial nerve injury, extension is the problem not flexion.
The axillary nerve supplies deltoid and arm area (not forearm). The musculocutaneous nerve supplies anterior compartment of arm (upper bit, not forearm). The lateral side of the hand is supplied by the median nerve and the medial side of the hand is supplied by the ulnar nerve. In an ulnar nerve injury, the patient will have trouble flexing the last two digits.
LEARN MUSCLE COMPARTMENTS OF ARM - innervation + functions
GO LEARN IT
At which stage of development does a fertilized ovum undergo implantation?
A. Blastocyst
B. 4-cell stage
C. 2-cell stage
D. Morula
E. Gastrula
At which stage of development does a fertilized ovum undergo implantation?
A. Blastocyst
B. 4-cell stage
C. 2-cell stage
D. Morula
E. Gastrula
- Which of the following structures pass under the inguinal ligament?
A. Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve.
B. The long saphenous vein.
C. Psoas major tendon
D. Superficial epigastric vein.
E. Sciatic nerve
C. Psoas major tendon

Regarding the humerus, which one of the following is true?
A. The radial nerve runs along the spiral groove anteriorly.
B. The axillary nerve lies adjacent to the surgical neck.
C. The lesser tuberosity forms the lateral border of the bicipital groove.
D. The greater tuberosity forms the medial border of the bicipital groove.
A. The radial nerve runs along the spiral groove anteriorly = false -
B. The axillary nerve lies adjacent to the surgical neck.
C. The lesser tuberosity forms the lateral border of the bicipital groove = False - forms the medial
D. The greater tuberosity forms the medial border of the bicipital groove = False - forms the later border

Regarding the arch of the aorta, which one of the following is true?
A. The ligamentum arteriosum connects the aorta to the pulmonary vein.
B. The right common carotid artery arises from the braciocephalic trunk.
C. The right common carotid artery arises from the right subclavian artery.
D. The left subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk.
A. The ligamentum arteriosum connects the aorta to the pulmonary vein
B. The right common carotid artery arises from the braciocephalic trunk.
C. The right common carotid artery arises from the right subclavian artery.
D. The left subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk.

Where is the ligamentum arteriosum and what does it connect?
The ligamentum arteriosum is the small fibrous remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosum, located between and connecting the proximal left pulmonary artery and the undersurface of the junction of the aortic arch and descending aorta, at the aortic isthmus.
Regarding the subclavian artery, which one of the following is true?
A. The scalenus anterior muscle divides it into 4 parts.
B. The scalenus anterior muscle is between the artery and the subclavian vein.
C. The axillary artery arises from the 4th part.
D. It lies over the second rib.
A. The scalenus anterior muscle divides it into 4 parts = False - The scalenus anterior muscle divides it into 3 parts (anterior, middle, posterior)
B. The scalenus anterior muscle is between the artery and the subclavian vein.
C. The axillary artery arises from the 4th part = false - 3 parts only
D. It lies over the second rib = false - subclavian artery lies over the first rib, not the second

Regarding the venous drainage of the lower limb, which one of the following is true?
A. The great saphenous vein begins just below the lateral mallelolus.
B. The great saphenous vein begins behind the medial malleolus
C. The great saphenous vein drains into the popliteal vein.
D. The short saphenous vein drains into the popliteal vein.
A. The great saphenous vein begins just below the lateral mallelolus = false - the great saphenous begins just above the medial malleolus
B. The great saphenous vein begins behind the medial malleolus
C. The great saphenous vein drains into the popliteal vein = False - The great saphenous vein terminates by draining into the femoral vein immediately inferior to the inguinal ligament.
D. The short saphenous vein drains into the popliteal vein.

Which one of the following statements is false?
A. The right gonadal vein drains into the right renal vein.
B. The left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein.
C. The left gastric vein drains into the portal vein.
D. The left renal vein receives the left suprarenal (adrenal) vein.
E. The common iliac veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava.
A. The right gonadal vein drains into the right renal vein = False - the right gonadal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.

Regarding the hilum of the right lung which one of the following is true?
A. The phrenic nerve passes behind it.
B. The arch of the aorta is above it.
C. The azygos vein is in front of it.
D. The right pulmonary veins lie above the main bronchus.
E. The right pulmonary veins lie below the main bronchus.
Hilum of RIGHT lung:
A. The phrenic nerve passes behind it = false - passes anterior
B. The arch of the aorta is above it = false - aortic arch on left
C. The azygos vein is in front of it = false - It ascends within the posterior mediastinum to the level of T4 before it arches above the right pulmonary hilum.
D. The right pulmonary veins lie above the main bronchus.
E. The right pulmonary veins lie below the main bronchus.
Which one of the following muscles is not part of the rotator cuff?
A. Teres minor
B. Teres major
C. Supraspinatus
D. Infraspinatus
E. Subscapularis
Which one of the following muscles is not part of the rotator cuff?
A. Teres minor
B. Teres major
C. Supraspinatus
D. Infraspinatus
E. Subscapularis
Which of the following structures is not found within the free edge of the lesser omentum?
A. The portal vein.
B. The common bile duct.
C. The hepatic artery.
D. The inferior vena cava
Which of the following structures is not found within the free edge of the lesser omentum?
A. The portal vein.
B. The common bile duct.
C. The hepatic artery.
D. The inferior vena cava
Which one of the following structures is not found on the anterior surface of the heart?
A. Left ventricle
B. Left atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Right atrium
Which one of the following structures is not found on the anterior surface of the heart?
A. Left ventricle
B. Left atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Right atrium

Which structures originate from embryonic ectoderm?
a) bones
b) heart
c) liver
d) spleen
e) spinal cord
f) dermis
e) Spinal cord
Ectoderm - differentiates to form epithelial (NOT dermis but epidermis) and neural tissues (spinal cord, peripheral nerves and brain). This includes the skin, linings of the mouth, anus, nostrils, sweat glands, hair and nails, and tooth enamel. Other types of epithelium are derived from the endoderm.
Endoderm = gut tube and its derived organs, including the cecum, intestine, stomach, thymus, liver, pancreas, lungs, thyroid and prostate.
Dysfunction of which labeled surface can lead to development of acne vulgaris:
a) epidermis
b) sebacious gland
c) hair follicle
d) sweat gland
e) hypodermis

Dysfunction of which labeled surface can lead to development of acne vulgaris:
a) epidermis
b) sebacious gland
c) hair follicle
d) sweat gland
e) hypodermis

The peripheral nervous system includes which of the following components?
a) Spinal nerves
b) Dura mater
c) Spinal Cord
d) CSF
e) Brain
The peripheral nervous system includes which of the following components?
a) Spinal nerves
b) Dura mater = Dura mater is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
c) Spinal Cord = CNS
d) CSF = exists in the surrounding spaces of CNS
e) Brain = CNS




























