Formatives Past Papers 1 Flashcards
Which of the following is most correct about enzymes?
Enzymes are:
A. Biologically active carbohydrates.
B. Non-specific and are able to catalyse multiple metabolic reactions.
C. Released in response to changes in blood sugar levels.
D. Frequently found to contain co-factors.
E. Unaffected by changes in body temperature.
Enzymes are:
D. Frequently found to contain co-factors.
Regarding physiological control of blood pressure, choose the most correct answer:
The lumen diameter of arterioles in the skin and GIT is decreased when:
A. sympathetic outflow is reduced.
B. patient has been exercising strenuously.
C. patient has suffered severe haemorrhage.
D. patient has just had a large meal.
E. patient has a fever of 390C.
The lumen diameter of arterioles in the skin and GIT is decreased when:
C. patient has suffered severe haemorrhage.
Which one of the following statements is most correct about Hepatitis A?
A. Infection occurs via percutaneous transmission into the bloodstream
B. Infected individuals usually present with jaundice.
C. It is a vaccine preventable infection.
D. Up to 50% of 1-5 year olds infected with Hepatitis A will progress to chronic liver disease.
E. A serum marker of acute infection is HAV IgG antibody levels.
Which one of the following statements is most correct about Hepatitis A?
C. It is a vaccine preventable infection.
The significance of the postulates of Henle and Koch lies in establishing, which one of the following?
A. whether a disease is transmissible or non-transmissible
B. unequivocally the causative agent of an infection
C. whether an animal model is representative of human infection
D. whether a pathogen can be grown in vitro
E. whether a host is susceptible to an infection
The significance of the postulates of Henle and Koch lies in establishing, which one of the following?
B. unequivocally the causative agent of an infection
Regarding this trace of an arterial pressure wave, which statement is most correct?

A. “x” is the pulse pressure
B. “y” is measurable during diastole
C. “w” is the mean venous pressure
D. “w” is the sum of the diastolic pressure and the pulse pressure
E. “z” is the pulse pressure
Regarding this trace of an arterial pressure wave, which statement is most correct?
B. “y” is measurable during diastole
In reference to the clinical information provided, which one of the following is most correct about Timothy?
A His lack of weight gain is concerning.
B. Most children Timothy’s age would be taller than him.
C. His weight has been incorrectly measured.
D. Most children Timothy’s age would weigh more than him.
E. You would expect him to have developmental delay.

10th percentile for weight but 90th percentile for length
D. Most children Timothy’s age would weigh more than him.
Carbohydrates are broken down into simpler sugar units by the action of:
A. pepsin
B. protease
C. amylase
D. sugarase
E. lipase
Carbohydrates are broken down into simpler sugar units by the action of:
A. pepsin = proteins into smaller peptides
B. protease = catalyzes proteolysis, the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides
C. amylase
D. sugarase = doesn’t exist
E. lipase = hydrolysis of fats
A person with gall bladder disease will have problems with digestion and absorption of which one of the following?
A. protein
B. carbohydrates
C. nucleic acids
D. lipids
E. minerals
D. lipids
The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver.
Bile breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acids.
According to the ‘Australian Guide to Healthy Eating’ carbohydrates in the recommended human diet should comprise:
A. simple sugars which easily raise blood the glucose level
B. very refined foods with little fibre
C. about 20% of the total food intake
D. plant products and complex carbohydrates with a low glycaemic index
E. none of the above.
D. plant products and complex carbohydrates with a low glycaemic index
4 year old Sasha Bartlett has recently been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF), her parents Jane & Roger, are understandably quite distraught as Jane is now 6 months pregnant with their second child.
They have found out in talking with Roger’s parents that their first child (his sister) died at age 4, probably due to cystic fibrosis.
Jane is an only child. There is no known family member with CF.
Jane and Roger ask you what the likelihood is that their unborn child will have cystic fibrosis, you reply;
A. There is a 50% chance that the baby will have cystic fibrosis
B. Only 1 in every 4 of their children will have cystic fibrosis.
C. There is a 25% chance that the baby will have cystic fibrosis.
D. The baby is more likely to have cystic fibrosis if it is another girl.
Jane & Roger = carriers
Cc x Cc = CC (non-carrier), Cc (carrier), Cc (carrier), cc (disease)
C. There is a 25% chance that the baby will have cystic fibrosis.
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the “factory” site for protein formation is the
A. mRNA
B. rRNA
C. ssRNA
D. tRNA
E. eRNA
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the “factory” site for protein formation is the
D. tRNA
The process of transcription:
A. produces mRNA from the DNA template
B. produces an amino acid chain from the mRNA template
C. occurs in the cytoplasm
D. forms new protein
E. forms DNA from the RNA template
The process of transcription:
A. produces mRNA from the DNA template
Irreversible competitive antagonism exists,
A. when the antagonist binds with high affinity to the receptor
B. only when the antagonist is more potent than the agonist
C. when the dose-response curve is shifted to the right and the Emax is reduced D. when the antagonist acts through different but not independent receptors
E. when the agonist and the antagonist have affinit
Irreversible competitive antagonism exists,
C. when the dose-response curve is shifted to the right and the Emax is reduced
In measuring test accuracy:
A. Sensitivity is the probability of a negative test in a diseased person
B. Specificity is the probability of a negative test in a non-diseased person
C. A sensitive test has a low rate of false positives
D. A specific test has a low rate of false negatives
E. A very sensitive test is usually very specific
In measuring test accuracy:
B. Specificity is the probability of a negative test in a non-diseased person
Assume that the prevalence rate of H. Pylori infection in the population is 70%, the CLO (rapid urease) test sensitivity = 90% and specificity = 96%:
In a population of 1,000 people, there will be x people infected and y people not infected, therefore;
A. x = 800, y = 200
B. x = 900, y = 100
C. x = 700, y = 200
D. x = 700, y = 300
E. x = 900, y = 700
Assume that the prevalence rate of H. Pylori infection in the population is 70%, the CLO (rapid urease) test sensitivity = 90% and specificity = 96%.
In a population of 1,000 people, there will be x people infected and y people not infected, therefore;
D. x = 700, y = 300
Assume that the prevalence rate of H. Pylori infection in the population is 70%, the CLO (rapid urease) test sensitivity = 90% and specificity = 96%:
Of these x people infected, what percentage will test positive for the CLO test?
A. 96%
B.70%
C. 100%
D. 10%
E.90%
Sensitivity = true positives = 90%
E.90%
During periods of fasting the body requires an alternative source of glucose. Which one of the following is most correct regarding glucose homeostasis during fasting periods?
A. Glucagon release activates the breakdown of glycogen stores in the liver.
B. Glycolysis results in the production of glucose from pyruvate.
C. Insulin release activates the process of gluconeogenesis.
D. Glucose-6-phosphate moves freely across the cell membrane into thebloodstream.
E. Low blood glucose levels increase phosphofructokinase activity.
A. Glucagon release activates the breakdown of glycogen stores in the liver.
Regarding the labelled photograph below, which one of the following statements is most correct?
The femoral pulse is best felt a couple of centimetres below the inguinal ligament, half way along an imaginary line between the:
A. anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle
B. anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis
C. posterior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis
D. lateral border of sartorius and medial border of adductor longus
E. apex of femoral triangle and anterior superior iliac spine

B. anterior superior iliac spine and the symphysis pubis
25 year old soccer playing Lucas, injured his knee following a fall 2 days ago, his knee is painful and swollen. His doctor has informed him that his knee is acutely inflamed.
A. His treatment will require hospitalisation and intravenous antibiotics.
B. Swelling is secondary to the efflux of plasma and cells into surrounding tissues.
C. The underlying histopathology would feature angiogenesis and fibrosis.
D. The inflammation in his knee is secondary to T-cell activation.
E. The acute inflammatory process is an example of adaptive immunity.
Acute Inflammation = Innate immunity
B. Swelling is secondary to the efflux of plasma and cells into surrounding tissues.
When viewing an erect PA (postero-anterior) chest x-ray. Which one of the following statements is most correct?
A. The left hemi-diaphragm is higher than the right hemi-diaphragm due to gas in the underlying stomach.
B. The posterior costo-phrenic recess extends down to the level of thoracic vertebra 12 (T12).
C. The right hilum is higher than the left because of the course of the azygous vein.
D. The right heart border is mainly formed by the right ventricle.
E. The trachea usually deviates slightly to the left because of the position of the oesophagus.
A = false - right side is higher due to presence of liver
B = true - The posterior costo-phrenic recess extends down to the level of thoracic vertebra 12 (T12).
C = false - The left hilum is normally higher than the right becuase the left pulmonary artery is slightly higher than the right 97% of the time.
D = false - The right heart border is mainly formed by the right atrium not ventricle.
E = false - The trachea is always in the midline (pathological if deviated) and the oesophagus is posterior to the trachea.
Regarding the diagram below, which one of the following statements is most correct?
A potentially deadly risk is the inhalation of food into the airway. The airway is protected by mechanisms such as:
A. sneeze & cough reflexes
B. micturition mechanism
C. glabella tap reflex
D. cremasteric reflex
E. yawn & hiccup reflexes

A. sneeze & cough reflexes
Which one of the following is most correct? Drugs are subject to first-pass metabolism if given by:
A. intravenous injection
B. sublingual administration
C. intrathecal injection
D. oral administration
E. all of the above
D. oral administration
The first pass effect is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the fraction of drug lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall.
Which one of the following is most correct?
The amount of plasma protein binding of a drug may affect:
A. the concentration of unbound drug in plasma
B. the toxicity of another drug given at the same time
C. the amount available to bind to its site of action
D. the amount available for filtration through the kidneys
E. all of the above
The amount of plasma protein binding of a drug may affect:
A. the concentration of unbound drug in plasma
B. the toxicity of another drug given at the same time
C. the amount available to bind to its site of action
D. the amount available for filtration through the kidneys
E. all of the above
Which is the most correct? Antibodies play a role in the:
A. Humoral response of the innate immune system.
B. Cell-mediated response of the innate immune system.
C. Cell-mediated response of the adaptive immune system.
D. Development of immunological memory
E. All of the above.
D. Development of immunological memory













