FORMATIVE REVIEW

Question 1

Whats the moa of amisulpride?

Answer 1

Selective dopamine receptor antagonist with a high affinity for mesolimbic D2 and D3 receptors

Question 2

What is amisulpride?

Answer 2

An atypical antipsychotic

Question 3

What is atomoxetine?

Answer 3

A selective e noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor

Question 4

Whats atomoxetine used to treat?

Answer 4

ADHD

Question 5

Whats the moa of atomoxetine?

Answer 5

selective inhibition of presynaptic norepinephrine reuptake in the prefrontal cortex.

Question 6

Whats the monoamine theory of depression?

Answer 6

underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system.

Question 7

What is chlorpromazine?

Answer 7

A typical antipsychotic

Question 8

What is galantamine?

Answer 8

Cholinesterase inhibtior

Question 9

What are examples of cholinesterase inhibitors?

Answer 9

Galantamine
Donepezil
Rivastigmine

Question 10

What are indications for cholinesterase inhibitors?

Answer 10

Alzheimers disease

Question 11

Whats the moa of methylphenidate?

Answer 11

Non-competitively blocks the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline bu blocking their respective transporters. This increases levels of dopamine and NA in the synaptic cleft

Question 12

What are the indications of methylphenidate?

Answer 12

ADHD in those over 6
Narcolepsy

Question 13

Whats the moa of mirtazapine?

Answer 13

Antagonises adrenergic alpha 2 autoreceptors as well being a strong antagonist of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors

Question 14

What are examples of atypical antidepressants?

Answer 14

Bupropion
Mirtazapine
Trazadone
Vortioxetine
Nefazodone
Vilazodone

Question 15

Whats the moa of bupropion?

Answer 15

Weakly inhibits enzymes involved in the uptake of NA and dopamine from synaptic cleft

Question 16

Whats the moa of trazadone?

Answer 16

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and block histamine and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors

Question 17

Whats the moa of vortioxetine?

Answer 17

It’s a serotonin modulator and stimulator
It acts as an agonist at 5-HT1A receptors (autoreceptor)
Also inhibits reuptake of serotonin

Question 18

Whats the moa of nefazodone?

Answer 18

Inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake

Question 19

Whats the moa of vilazodone?

Answer 19

Inhibit serotonin reuptake and acts as a partial agonist of 5HT1A receptors

Question 20

What is a theory of mind impairment? Aka mind-blindness

Answer 20

Difficulty in perspective taking i.e. difficulty seeing phenomena from any other perspective than their own

Question 21

What conditions can cause deficits in theory of mind?

Answer 21

Autism spectrum disorders
ADHD
Developmental language disorders
Schizophrenia

Question 22

Whats another name for chronic fatigue syndrome?

Answer 22

Myalgic encephalomyelitis

Question 23

What is chronic fatigue syndrome?

Answer 23

A complex, chronic medical condition with an unknown cause
It affects multiple body systems
It can be severely disabling and can result in a very poor quality of life
Symptoms fluctuate unpredictably but impacts can be worsened by particular triggers
Classified as a neurological disease

Question 24

What are alcohol withdrawal symptoms?

Answer 24

Hand tremors
Sweating
Tachycardia
Nausea and vomiting
Headaches
Loss of appetite
Depression
Anxiety, irritability and restlessness
Insomnia

Question 25

What are opiate withdrawal sympotms?

Answer 25

Muscle aches Anxiety and restlessness Lacrimation Rhinorrhoea Diaphoresis Insomnia

Question 26

Whats the difference between conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disordr?

Answer 26

Both involve the child hating being controlled but… Those with conduct is orders try to control others In conduct disorder there is aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, rule violation ODD is angry or irritable, argumentative and vindictive

Question 27

What is reactive attachment disorder?

Answer 27

a rare but serious condition in which an infant or young child doesn't establish healthy attachments with parents or caregivers. E.g. children who have been grossly neglected

Question 28

What is cognitive disorganisation disorder?

Answer 28

a key symptom dimension of psychosis that emerges most commonly in adolescence, reflects a disorganization of thought and is defined by the presence of bizarre behavior, alogia, and impaired attention.

Question 29

What is angelman syndrome?

Answer 29

Angelman syndrome is a genetic disorder. It causes delayed development, problems with speech and balance, intellectual disability, and, sometimes, seizures. People with Angelman syndrome often smile and laugh frequently, and have happy, excitable personalities.

Question 30

What disorder presents with frequent laughter and smiling, easily excitable, hyperactive, short attention span, trouble sleeping and a particular fascination with water?

Answer 30

Angle man syndrome

Question 31

What presents with low body weight, small Philtrum, thin upper lip, low nasal bridge, flat midface and small eye openings?

Answer 31

Foetal alcohol syndrome

Question 32

What disorder presents with a long and narrow face, large ears, a prominent jaw and forehead, unusually flexible fingers, flat feet , and in males, enlarged testicles (macroorchidism) after puberty?

Answer 32

Fragile X syndrome

Question 33

What disorder can cause… small hands and feet, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), hip problems, reduced saliva flow, nearsightedness and other vision problems, problems regulating body temperature, a high pain tolerance, or a lack of pigment (hypopigmentation) causing hair, eyes and skin to be pale?

Answer 33

Prader willi syndrome

Question 34

What is prader willi syndrome?

Answer 34

Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic condition that causes a wide range of physical symptoms, learning difficulties and behavioural challenges. It's usually noticed shortly after birth.

Question 35

What are symptoms of prader willi syndrome?

Answer 35

hypotonia during infancy dysmorphic features short stature hypogonadism and infertility Hypopigmentation learning difficulties childhood obesity behavioural problems in adolescence

Question 36

Whats the cause of prader willi syndrome?

Answer 36

some missing genetic material in a group of genes on chromosome number 15. Affects hypothalamus

Question 37

What disorder presents with slowed head growth, abnormal hand movements, hyperventilating, screaming or crying for no apparent reason, problems with movement and coordination, and a loss of social interaction and communication?

Answer 37

Retts syndrome

Question 38

What is PKU?

Answer 38

a rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body. PKU is caused by a change in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. This gene helps create the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine. Screened for 3 days after birth

Question 39

What is genetic imprinting?

Answer 39

where the phenotype depends on whether the deletion occurs on a gene inherited from the mother or father

Question 40

Outline an example of genetic imprinting?

Answer 40

phenotype depends on whether the deletion occurs on a gene inherited from the mother or father: Prader-Willi syndrome if gene deleted from father Angelman syndrome if gene deleted from mother

Question 41

How are angleman and prader willi syndrome similar and different?

Answer 41

Both are associated with developmental delay and intellectual disability. AS is characterized by features such as ataxia, lack of speech, and a “happy” demeanor marked by frequent laughter, smiling, and excitability. They frequently have microcephaly and seizures PWS is associated with severe hypotonia and feeding difficulties in infancy, with gradual development of hyperphagia and morbid obesity in early childhood, as well as short stature, hypogonadism, maladaptive and compulsive behaviors

Question 42

What causes macrocephaly and learning difficulties?

Answer 42

Fragile x syndrome