FORMATIVE REVIEW Flashcards
Whats the moa of amisulpride?
Selective dopamine receptor antagonist with a high affinity for mesolimbic D2 and D3 receptors
What is amisulpride?
An atypical antipsychotic
What is atomoxetine?
A selective e noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor
Whats atomoxetine used to treat?
ADHD
Whats the moa of atomoxetine?
selective inhibition of presynaptic norepinephrine reuptake in the prefrontal cortex.
Whats the monoamine theory of depression?
underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine in the central nervous system.
What is chlorpromazine?
A typical antipsychotic
What is galantamine?
Cholinesterase inhibtior
What are examples of cholinesterase inhibitors?
Galantamine
Donepezil
Rivastigmine
What are indications for cholinesterase inhibitors?
Alzheimers disease
Whats the moa of methylphenidate?
Non-competitively blocks the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline bu blocking their respective transporters. This increases levels of dopamine and NA in the synaptic cleft
What are the indications of methylphenidate?
ADHD in those over 6
Narcolepsy
Whats the moa of mirtazapine?
Antagonises adrenergic alpha 2 autoreceptors as well being a strong antagonist of 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors
What are examples of atypical antidepressants?
Bupropion
Mirtazapine
Trazadone
Vortioxetine
Nefazodone
Vilazodone
Whats the moa of bupropion?
Weakly inhibits enzymes involved in the uptake of NA and dopamine from synaptic cleft
Whats the moa of trazadone?
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin and block histamine and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors
Whats the moa of vortioxetine?
It’s a serotonin modulator and stimulator
It acts as an agonist at 5-HT1A receptors (autoreceptor)
Also inhibits reuptake of serotonin
Whats the moa of nefazodone?
Inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake
Whats the moa of vilazodone?
Inhibit serotonin reuptake and acts as a partial agonist of 5HT1A receptors
What is a theory of mind impairment? Aka mind-blindness
Difficulty in perspective taking i.e. difficulty seeing phenomena from any other perspective than their own
What conditions can cause deficits in theory of mind?
Autism spectrum disorders
ADHD
Developmental language disorders
Schizophrenia
Whats another name for chronic fatigue syndrome?
Myalgic encephalomyelitis
What is chronic fatigue syndrome?
A complex, chronic medical condition with an unknown cause
It affects multiple body systems
It can be severely disabling and can result in a very poor quality of life
Symptoms fluctuate unpredictably but impacts can be worsened by particular triggers
Classified as a neurological disease
What are alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
Hand tremors
Sweating
Tachycardia
Nausea and vomiting
Headaches
Loss of appetite
Depression
Anxiety, irritability and restlessness
Insomnia
What are opiate withdrawal sympotms?
Muscle aches
Anxiety and restlessness
Lacrimation
Rhinorrhoea
Diaphoresis
Insomnia
Whats the difference between conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disordr?
Both involve the child hating being controlled but…
Those with conduct is orders try to control others
In conduct disorder there is aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, rule violation
ODD is angry or irritable, argumentative and vindictive
What is reactive attachment disorder?
a rare but serious condition in which an infant or young child doesn’t establish healthy attachments with parents or caregivers.
E.g. children who have been grossly neglected
What is cognitive disorganisation disorder?
a key symptom dimension of psychosis that emerges most commonly in adolescence, reflects a disorganization of thought and is defined by the presence of bizarre behavior, alogia, and impaired attention.
What is angelman syndrome?
Angelman syndrome is a genetic disorder. It causes delayed development, problems with speech and balance, intellectual disability, and, sometimes, seizures.
People with Angelman syndrome often smile and laugh frequently, and have happy, excitable personalities.
What disorder presents with frequent laughter and smiling, easily excitable, hyperactive, short attention span, trouble sleeping and a particular fascination with water?
Angle man syndrome
What presents with low body weight, small Philtrum, thin upper lip, low nasal bridge, flat midface and small eye openings?
Foetal alcohol syndrome
What disorder presents with a long and narrow face, large ears, a prominent jaw and forehead, unusually flexible fingers, flat feet , and in males, enlarged testicles (macroorchidism) after puberty?
Fragile X syndrome
What disorder can cause…
small hands and feet, curvature of the spine (scoliosis), hip problems, reduced saliva flow, nearsightedness and other vision problems, problems regulating body temperature, a high pain tolerance, or a lack of pigment (hypopigmentation) causing hair, eyes and skin to be pale?
Prader willi syndrome
What is prader willi syndrome?
Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic condition that causes a wide range of physical symptoms, learning difficulties and behavioural challenges. It’s usually noticed shortly after birth.
What are symptoms of prader willi syndrome?
hypotonia during infancy
dysmorphic features
short stature
hypogonadism and infertility
Hypopigmentation
learning difficulties
childhood obesity
behavioural problems in adolescence
Whats the cause of prader willi syndrome?
some missing genetic material in a group of genes on chromosome number 15.
Affects hypothalamus
What disorder presents with slowed head growth, abnormal hand movements, hyperventilating, screaming or crying for no apparent reason, problems with movement and coordination, and a loss of social interaction and communication?
Retts syndrome
What is PKU?
a rare inherited disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body. PKU is caused by a change in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. This gene helps create the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine.
Screened for 3 days after birth
What is genetic imprinting?
where the phenotype depends on whether the deletion occurs on a gene inherited from the mother or father
Outline an example of genetic imprinting?
phenotype depends on whether the deletion occurs on a gene inherited from the mother or father:
Prader-Willi syndrome if gene deleted from father
Angelman syndrome if gene deleted from mother
How are angleman and prader willi syndrome similar and different?
Both are associated with developmental delay and intellectual disability.
AS is characterized by features such as ataxia, lack of speech, and a “happy” demeanor marked by frequent laughter, smiling, and excitability. They frequently have microcephaly and seizures
PWS is associated with severe hypotonia and feeding difficulties in infancy, with gradual development of hyperphagia and morbid obesity in early childhood, as well as short stature, hypogonadism, maladaptive and compulsive behaviors
What causes macrocephaly and learning difficulties?
Fragile x syndrome
