Formative Exam 3

Question 1

Briefly state what makes something an instance of a concept or category? In other words, why do we consider some things, dogs, cats, pencils, etc.?

Answer 1

they share common features to make it a category
concept is more encompassing

Question 2

Keil and Batterman (1984) experiment.

Answer 2

used paired stories w/ characteristic and defining features
5 yr olds relied on defining features w/familiar concepts (robber) but not w/ less familiar concepts (island)
9yr olds generally used defining features

Question 3

A.) Name something that you know that has a defining feature.
B.)What is the defining feature?

Answer 3

a. pig
b. squiggly tail

Question 4

State one finding from the 1983 Bomba and Siqueland experiment.

Answer 4

as time passed, preferred looking at distorted patterns more than the prototype

Question 5

CALCULATING CUE VALIDITIES

Answer 5

divide the number of times a cue occurs in a category by the number of times it occurs in all categories

Question 6

At approximately what age do children achieve a naïve (informal) theory of physics?

Answer 6

may be born with it

Question 7

A.) In this experiment by Gelman and Markman (1986) (bat picture) were 4-year-old children more likely to associate the center figure with the figure on the far left or far right?
B.) Why did children make that response?

Answer 7

a. far left (flamingo)
b. the bat is not part of the same mammal kind as the centre picture

Question 8

State three experimental findings related to children’s processing of time.

Answer 8

infants can track periods that are a few seconds in duration
5 yr olds can accurately estimate durations of 30 seconds
by 9 yrs old children can tell you if their birthday or Christmas was more recent even if they occurred more than 60 days ago

Question 9

In the experiment by Baillargeon (1987) with a rotating panel, circle the display(s), if any, that surprise 4-month-olds.
Why do the infants respond that way?

Answer 9

the middle figure (b)
because they are habituated and then their expectations are broken with the middle figure

Question 10

State the action of the experimenter that would surprise infants for the three depictions in the figure below (Ball with wood plank)

Answer 10

A. ball in front of box perceived as single object (configuration)
B. Physical object must be attached or it would fall
C.experiembtal, ball is perceived as on top of box and not part of single object

Question 11

a. State the experiment effect depicted in the figure below
b. Who were the participants?
c. Was their performance accurate or inaccurate, according to the figure?
(mean response in inches)

Answer 11

a. estimating space/positive relationship
b. 1 year olds
c. accurate close to actual location

Question 12

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). When I raise my arm, my whole arm is moving at the same speed.

Answer 12

false

Question 13

Rieser et al. (1994) asserted that motor and cognitive spatial representations are closely linked. Briefly, but clearly, state the evidence from their experiment with 5-year olds who were tested in their homes that supports their assertion.

Answer 13

when asked to walk the path and point, they succeeded

Question 14

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). You can subitize. Briefly state what it means to subitize.

Answer 14

true
subitize= provides info about number but only for set sizes up to 3 or 4 objects

Question 15

In a few sentences, describe the Wynn (1992) experiment involving addition by 5month olds.

Answer 15

There’s two sequences of events. Object gets placed in case, screen comes up, then a second object is added and the hand leave empty then the screen drops revealing either two objects or 1
Or object placed in case and the screen comes up then an empty hand enter and one object is removed then the screen drops revealing 1 or two objects

5 mo olds looked longer at scenes that violate addition and subtraction

Question 16

State at roughly what age children can solve typical addition problems like 2 + 3 = 5.

Answer 16

4-5 years old

Question 17

State and briefly describe three of the five counting principles children achieve between ages 3-5.

Answer 17

one-one=each object has unique name
stable-order=names have an order to them
cardinal=last number you come up with is how many there are

Question 18

State two reasons children aged 3-5 come to believe that plants are living things.

Answer 18

take in food and water
die and decompose

Question 19

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). A 9-month old would be surprised if a chair moved on its own.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

A calf is raised by pigs. Would kindergarten children think the calf will “moo” or “oink”? (Choose one)
Why would children give that response?

Answer 20

“moo”
even if raised by other species, it remains its own kind

Question 21

TRUE or FALSE The two sentences in the figure on the mean the same thing.
(they are cooking apples)

Answer 21

false

Question 22

Label the cortical regions in this figure:

Answer 22

a.broca (left)
b.wernicke (right)

Question 23

State what social interactionists emphasize in the acquisition of language.

Answer 23

infants not inclined to learn language but there is a social and cultural demandingness for language

Question 24

State what we mean by “neural plasticity.”

Answer 24

brain changing and developing in response to experience

Question 25

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Language is always processed in the left hemisphere.

Answer 25

false

Question 26

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). If the left hemisphere is surgically removed in infancy, the infant will
not acquire language.

Answer 26

false

Question 27

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Phonemes are directly available to the human ear from the physical
environment.

Answer 27

false

Question 28

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). By 1-year of age, infants gain the ability to recognize phonemes that are not in their native language.

Answer 28

false

Question 29

In one sentence, state what the speech spectrograph in the figure to the left suggests about the perception of the phoneme /d/.

Answer 29

The physics of the two sounds are different and the phonemes are distilled out.

Question 30

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Deaf babies babble at a later age than hearing babies

Answer 30

false

Question 31

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). The perception of phonemes is continuous not categorical.

Answer 31

False they’re categorical

Question 32

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Consonants are phonemes but vowels are not.

Answer 32

false

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). There are 28 letters in the English alphabet.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). There are 26 phonemes in the English language.

Answer 34

False

Question 35

TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Infants speak their first words at 5 months.

Answer 35

false

Question 36

Briefly describe an original example of an interaction you might have with a young child that could contribute to language learning.

Answer 36

reading to the child every night a different book

Question 37

.List 5 of the most frequent first words U.S. children use.

Answer 37

juice
milk
cookie
dog
cat

Question 38

.By 1st grade, approximately how many words can a child comprehend?

Answer 38

10,000 words

Question 39

Create and describe an original example of a child applying the whole-object constraint (start with e.g., “A mother…” OR “A child…”).

Answer 39

a mother points to a bed and the child recognized “bed” as a whole object, not by its parts like “sheet” , “pillows”

Question 40

Create and describe an original example of a child applying the mutual-exclusivity constraint (start with e.g., “A mother…” OR “A child…”)

Answer 40

A mother calls their dad by their legal name. The child recognizes their dad has another name

Question 41

Create and describe an original example of a child applying the taxonomic constraint (start with e.g., “A mother…” OR “A child…”).

Answer 41

A child understands that fruit consists of many different types. Apple and bananas are assumed as fruit by the child.

Question 42

In this experiment, the experimenter points to the top image and says “This is a FEP.”
a. In the row below, circle the image that 3-year olds would consider a FEP.
b. In the row below, put an X through the image that 5-year olds would consider a FEP.

Answer 42

a. the hat (b.)
b. the pie (a.)

Question 43

In the experiment depicted in the figure on the left, which feature did experimenters use to train toddlers? (two of each kind of object)

Answer 43

children learned names for things based on shape

Question 44

Fill in the two blank lines in the figure on the left with an original response.
“balls are round. Cups are cup shaped. _ are _ shaped”

Answer 44

apples are apple

Question 45

Give an original (not from class) example of an overextension in young children’s word use: The child calls a __________ a _____________.

Answer 45

doll, stuffed animal, a “dolly”

Question 46

Give an original (not from class) example of an underextension in young children’s word use: The child fails to call __________ a _____________.

Answer 46

another cat a “kitty” (only calls family cat “kitty”)

Question 47

.If infants are habituated to bo-dee-bo, will they dishabituate more readily to ga-ta-ga, ga-ta-ta? Choose one of these, both of these, or neither of these.

Answer 47

ga-ta-ta

Question 48

If infants are habituated to goo-tee-tee, will they dishabituate more readily to ga-boo-ga or ga- booboo? Choose one of these, both of these, or neither of these.

Answer 48

ga-boo-ga

Question 49

State the semantic relations in each of these two-word constructions:
a. Daddy’s chair
b. Book table
c. Go store
d. Daddy ball
e. Hit ball
f. Daddy hit

Answer 49

a. possessor and possession
b. entity and locative
c. action and locative
d.agent and object
e. action and object
f. agent and action

Question 50

a..In one sentence, state what the figure on the left tells you about language development.
b. Construct a sentence with an MLU of exactly 7.
c. Construct a word with an MLU of exactly 3.

Answer 50

a. MLU is increasing as you get older
b. I want to go to the park
c. Summary

Question 51

Briefly state how the Wug test is conducted.

Answer 51

Show the child the picture and say this is a wug.
Show bottom picture with 2 wugs and say there are two of them.
There are two __
Experimenter wants the child to say “wugs” to see if child understands there is a plural morpheme

Question 52

Start out as templates with an open slot: WHERE’s _____ – -Where’s mommy?
– -Where’s doggy?
– -Where’s bippy?
a. The __________________________ theory.

Answer 52

Construction Grammer

Question 53

Children have innate knowledge of linguistic categories, like noun, verb, adjective * They link meaning-based categories to linguistic categories and syntactic patterns.
* Agent – Action => N V
b. The __________________________ theory.

Answer 53

Semantic Bootstrapping Theory

Question 54

Deny the existence of innate linguistic categories
* Propose that language is acquired through simple associative learning
* A major assumption is that the input to the language learner has enough information in it to allow the child to figure out how the language works
c. The __________________________ theory.

Answer 54

Connectionist

Question 55

.TRUE FALSE (Choose one) This is a Photoshop animal.

Answer 55

False