Formative Exam 3 Flashcards
Briefly state what makes something an instance of a concept or category? In other words, why do we consider some things, dogs, cats, pencils, etc.?
they share common features to make it a category
concept is more encompassing
Keil and Batterman (1984) experiment.
used paired stories w/ characteristic and defining features
5 yr olds relied on defining features w/familiar concepts (robber) but not w/ less familiar concepts (island)
9yr olds generally used defining features
A.) Name something that you know that has a defining feature.
B.)What is the defining feature?
a. pig
b. squiggly tail
State one finding from the 1983 Bomba and Siqueland experiment.
as time passed, preferred looking at distorted patterns more than the prototype
CALCULATING CUE VALIDITIES
divide the number of times a cue occurs in a category by the number of times it occurs in all categories
At approximately what age do children achieve a naïve (informal) theory of physics?
may be born with it
A.) In this experiment by Gelman and Markman (1986) (bat picture) were 4-year-old children more likely to associate the center figure with the figure on the far left or far right?
B.) Why did children make that response?
a. far left (flamingo)
b. the bat is not part of the same mammal kind as the centre picture
State three experimental findings related to children’s processing of time.
infants can track periods that are a few seconds in duration
5 yr olds can accurately estimate durations of 30 seconds
by 9 yrs old children can tell you if their birthday or Christmas was more recent even if they occurred more than 60 days ago
In the experiment by Baillargeon (1987) with a rotating panel, circle the display(s), if any, that surprise 4-month-olds.
Why do the infants respond that way?
the middle figure (b)
because they are habituated and then their expectations are broken with the middle figure
State the action of the experimenter that would surprise infants for the three depictions in the figure below (Ball with wood plank)
A. ball in front of box perceived as single object (configuration)
B. Physical object must be attached or it would fall
C.experiembtal, ball is perceived as on top of box and not part of single object
a. State the experiment effect depicted in the figure below
b. Who were the participants?
c. Was their performance accurate or inaccurate, according to the figure?
(mean response in inches)
a. estimating space/positive relationship
b. 1 year olds
c. accurate close to actual location
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). When I raise my arm, my whole arm is moving at the same speed.
false
Rieser et al. (1994) asserted that motor and cognitive spatial representations are closely linked. Briefly, but clearly, state the evidence from their experiment with 5-year olds who were tested in their homes that supports their assertion.
when asked to walk the path and point, they succeeded
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). You can subitize. Briefly state what it means to subitize.
true
subitize= provides info about number but only for set sizes up to 3 or 4 objects
In a few sentences, describe the Wynn (1992) experiment involving addition by 5month olds.
There’s two sequences of events. Object gets placed in case, screen comes up, then a second object is added and the hand leave empty then the screen drops revealing either two objects or 1
Or object placed in case and the screen comes up then an empty hand enter and one object is removed then the screen drops revealing 1 or two objects
5 mo olds looked longer at scenes that violate addition and subtraction
State at roughly what age children can solve typical addition problems like 2 + 3 = 5.
4-5 years old
State and briefly describe three of the five counting principles children achieve between ages 3-5.
one-one=each object has unique name
stable-order=names have an order to them
cardinal=last number you come up with is how many there are
State two reasons children aged 3-5 come to believe that plants are living things.
take in food and water
die and decompose
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). A 9-month old would be surprised if a chair moved on its own.
True
A calf is raised by pigs. Would kindergarten children think the calf will “moo” or “oink”? (Choose one)
Why would children give that response?
“moo”
even if raised by other species, it remains its own kind
TRUE or FALSE The two sentences in the figure on the mean the same thing.
(they are cooking apples)
false
Label the cortical regions in this figure:
a.broca (left)
b.wernicke (right)
State what social interactionists emphasize in the acquisition of language.
infants not inclined to learn language but there is a social and cultural demandingness for language
State what we mean by “neural plasticity.”
brain changing and developing in response to experience
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Language is always processed in the left hemisphere.
false
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). If the left hemisphere is surgically removed in infancy, the infant will
not acquire language.
false
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Phonemes are directly available to the human ear from the physical
environment.
false
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). By 1-year of age, infants gain the ability to recognize phonemes that are not in their native language.
false
In one sentence, state what the speech spectrograph in the figure to the left suggests about the perception of the phoneme /d/.
The physics of the two sounds are different and the phonemes are distilled out.
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Deaf babies babble at a later age than hearing babies
false
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). The perception of phonemes is continuous not categorical.
False they’re categorical
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Consonants are phonemes but vowels are not.
false
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). There are 28 letters in the English alphabet.
False
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). There are 26 phonemes in the English language.
False
TRUE or FALSE (Choose one). Infants speak their first words at 5 months.
false
Briefly describe an original example of an interaction you might have with a young child that could contribute to language learning.
reading to the child every night a different book
.List 5 of the most frequent first words U.S. children use.
juice
milk
cookie
dog
cat
.By 1st grade, approximately how many words can a child comprehend?
10,000 words
Create and describe an original example of a child applying the whole-object constraint (start with e.g., “A mother…” OR “A child…”).
a mother points to a bed and the child recognized “bed” as a whole object, not by its parts like “sheet” , “pillows”
Create and describe an original example of a child applying the mutual-exclusivity constraint (start with e.g., “A mother…” OR “A child…”)
A mother calls their dad by their legal name. The child recognizes their dad has another name
Create and describe an original example of a child applying the taxonomic constraint (start with e.g., “A mother…” OR “A child…”).
A child understands that fruit consists of many different types. Apple and bananas are assumed as fruit by the child.
In this experiment, the experimenter points to the top image and says “This is a FEP.”
a. In the row below, circle the image that 3-year olds would consider a FEP.
b. In the row below, put an X through the image that 5-year olds would consider a FEP.
a. the hat (b.)
b. the pie (a.)
In the experiment depicted in the figure on the left, which feature did experimenters use to train toddlers? (two of each kind of object)
children learned names for things based on shape
Fill in the two blank lines in the figure on the left with an original response.
“balls are round. Cups are cup shaped. _ are _ shaped”
apples are apple
Give an original (not from class) example of an overextension in young children’s word use: The child calls a __________ a _____________.
doll, stuffed animal, a “dolly”
Give an original (not from class) example of an underextension in young children’s word use: The child fails to call __________ a _____________.
another cat a “kitty” (only calls family cat “kitty”)
.If infants are habituated to bo-dee-bo, will they dishabituate more readily to ga-ta-ga, ga-ta-ta? Choose one of these, both of these, or neither of these.
ga-ta-ta
If infants are habituated to goo-tee-tee, will they dishabituate more readily to ga-boo-ga or ga- booboo? Choose one of these, both of these, or neither of these.
ga-boo-ga
State the semantic relations in each of these two-word constructions:
a. Daddy’s chair
b. Book table
c. Go store
d. Daddy ball
e. Hit ball
f. Daddy hit
a. possessor and possession
b. entity and locative
c. action and locative
d.agent and object
e. action and object
f. agent and action
a..In one sentence, state what the figure on the left tells you about language development.
b. Construct a sentence with an MLU of exactly 7.
c. Construct a word with an MLU of exactly 3.
a. MLU is increasing as you get older
b. I want to go to the park
c. Summary
Briefly state how the Wug test is conducted.
Show the child the picture and say this is a wug.
Show bottom picture with 2 wugs and say there are two of them.
There are two __
Experimenter wants the child to say “wugs” to see if child understands there is a plural morpheme
Start out as templates with an open slot: WHERE’s _____ – -Where’s mommy?
– -Where’s doggy?
– -Where’s bippy?
a. The __________________________ theory.
Construction Grammer
Children have innate knowledge of linguistic categories, like noun, verb, adjective * They link meaning-based categories to linguistic categories and syntactic patterns.
* Agent – Action => N V
b. The __________________________ theory.
Semantic Bootstrapping Theory
Deny the existence of innate linguistic categories
* Propose that language is acquired through simple associative learning
* A major assumption is that the input to the language learner has enough information in it to allow the child to figure out how the language works
c. The __________________________ theory.
Connectionist
.TRUE FALSE (Choose one) This is a Photoshop animal.
False
