Formative Exam 2 Flashcards
True False (circle one). The infant in this experiment was 2 months old. (sucking experiment)
False
True False (circle one). To hear its mother’s voice the infant could learn to suck faster but not slower.(sucking experiment)
False
True False (circle one). The infant could change its sucking rate in the middle of the experiment in order to continue hearing its mother’s voice. (sucking experiment)
True
YES NO (Circle one). Does this graph demonstrate habituation?
Briefly explain your answer. (heart rate change graph)
Yes
The infants heart beat decreased largely after the word was pronounced after 5-7 seconds. In the 6th trial, there was barely change in the heartbeat at all showing the infant became habituated to the stimuli
Can a 1-week-old clearly see lines thinner (not as wide) as those shown on the left? (line picture)
Yes
What experimental method is used in the figures on the left? (2face picture)
Visual Scanning
What does the figure on the far left show about the infant’s focus of attention? (2face picture)
1 month old Infant focused on external contours for woman
What does the figure on the right show about the infant’s focus of attention? (2face picture)
2 month old Infant focused on internal features on man
Circle the figures on the left that a newborn infant would track with its eyes.
face, config, inverse, linear
a(face) and b(config)
What is the earliest age at which an infant can recognize its mother in the experiment depicted on the left? (2 people green screen)
12 hours old
Circle the displays below that will result in DISHABIBUATION after the occluder is dropped.
Mark an X through the displays below that WILL NOT result in DISHABIBUATION when the occluder
is dropped.
Stick with two sets of arrows side to side, stick moving back and forth, stick with ball at end will result in dis habituation
The rest will not result in dis habituation
Mark an X through the graphs on the left that show DISHABIBUATION after the occluder is dropped.
graph b and d
What was the experimental question in the experiment depicted in the figure on the left? (baby in chair)
Could they visually recognize toy they played with without seeing it?
What type of memory is tested with these images? (horses)
Implicit memory
For what type of stimuli do older children (10 yr olds) exceed younger children (5 yr olds) in performance in the experiment? (horses)
New pictures
Fill in the missing labels on the branches in the figure below. (memory map)
- procedural
- episodic (declarative)
3.skills(procedural)
Which memory system is being tested in the experiment depicted below? (monkey experiment)
Working memory
What part of the brain was lesioned in this experiment? (monkey experiment)
Frontal lobe
What is the checkered platform on which the infant is crawling called?
In a sentence, what is the role of the woman in the image in the experiment?
Visual cliff.
Woman in image is used to provide social cues to either encourage or discourage the child from crawling
What memory process was tested in the figure on the left? (house and cages picture)
Selective Attention/memory strategies
Briefly state what children were asked to do in this experiment. (house and cages picture)
children told to remember where 6 animals or household items were marked with either a house or a cage.
How did the experimenter aid the younger children? (houses and cages picture)
opened relevant doors for younger children to aid recall
State the roles of dorsal and ventral pathways in visual processing
Dorsal: goes to parietal lobe and signals where
Ventral: goes to temporal lobe and signals what
State three achievements in the development of visual perception of lines and shapes in early infancy (newborn – 3 months).
new borns Can distinguish curved lines from straight lines
Can discriminate right versus left oblique stripe patterns
newborns discriminate horizontal vs vertical
State what it means to say that the perception of color is categorical.
Differences between colors blue-green are more striking than within colors shades of blue
What is the earliest age that infants are sensitive to the full spectrum of color?
1 month olds
At what age do infants have almost adult-like hearing thresholds for medium and high frequencies?
Newborns
Considering basic perception of motion and tracking of objects, state 3 achievements of infants 0 – 3 months old.
Newborns can perceive objects that are close or farther away
Newborns can track large objects that move slowly
Infants from 1-3 months can distinguish between stationary and moving objects
State the approximate age at which fear of falling develops
7 months
Is face perception innate? Yes or No
State 2 experimental findings that support your position about the innateness of face perception
Yes
at 12-36 hours old, babies prefer to look at mother’s face than strangers
newborns track face like blobs
Newborns recognize characters from stories their mothers read to them prenatally.
false
6-month-olds but not 4-month-olds respond to novelty.
false
An orienting reflex depends on subcortical processes.
True
Infants respond to violations of their mental expectations.
true
Infants respond to their names starting around 1 year.
False
Infants tune out the perception of phonemes from languages that are not spoken around the,
false
Briefly, what is proprioception?
the sense that lets us perceive movement in our bodies; aware of what the body is doing
State the earliest age we can observe proprioceptive processing.
birth
State the 3 basic experiment steps in the Rovee-Collier crib study.
train for 15 minutes on day 1
do 3 minutes non-reinforcement, 9 minutes reinforcement and 3 minutes non-reinforcement
repeat the next day the exact same process as day 1
State two major differences in the performance of 2-mo-olds, 3-mo-olds, and 6-mo-olds in the Rovee-Collier study
6 month olds had a greater retention interval than 2 month old and 3 month olds
as age increased the mention ratio started off higher.
When 5 mo. olds were habituated to objects that varied in size, form, color, and orientation
a. Which properties did they remember on an immediate test?
b. Which properties did they remember after 15 minutes?
c. Which properties did they remember after 24 hours?
a. all four features
b. form and color
c. form
Is memory span higher for letters or numbers?
b. State the average number of numbers recalled in the digit span task by 5-year-olds.
c. State the average number of numbers recalled in the digit span task by adults.
numbers
b. 4
c.7
State a specific cognitive factor that could affect processing speed.
increased age, developed schemas
State a specific physical factor that could affect processing speed.
brain injury, experience
State 3 strategies that children use in to remember information (in the range of 18 months to 10 years).
memory rehearsal
organizing
systematicity
Briefly state one instance from the past week when you applied a memory strategy. Clearly indicate which strategy you used.
I used memory rehearsal by rehearsing the questions for the study guide to memorize them.
Chi (1978) showed an Age-by-Task interaction using 10-year-old chess experts and adults. Describe the participants and materials you could use in an original experiment that is similar to Chi’s.
a. Who are in the two groups in your experiment?
b. What are the two tasks in your experiment?
c. Why would this experiment produce an interaction effect?
a. 10 year old basketball fans and regular adults
b. have both groups first recall basketball players, then for the second task have them recall states in America
c. there would be an interaction effect because the children would recall more basketball players and the adults would recall more states bc of prior knowledge, so the lines would intersect on the graph
State the STEPS in the experiment involving Sam Stone and 3-4 year olds.
children told several stories about Sam Stone and he was described as a “clumsy oaf”
Sam Stone visits the classroom for a bit and is pleasant to the children
the children are then presented with a soiled teddy bear and a torn book the next day and asked who did it
State three possible sources of memory distortion in children and adults.
bias from new information
leading questions
individuals strive for consistency in memories
Provide one plausible reason for infantile amnesia
hippocampi and frontal lobes underdeveloped
need schemas and scripts to encode stories
need to learn narrative form
Content knowledge does not predict memory recall. IQ does.
false
Children, but not adults, can be led to believe things that did not happen through the use of leading questions.
false
To accurately question children, repeat the question many times.
false
Learning narrative form helps children overcome infantile amnesia.
true
Knowing schemas and scripts does not help children overcome infantile amnesia.
false
Overcoming infantile amnesia depends on cognitive development not cortical development.
true
