Formative Exam 2

Question 1

True False (circle one). The infant in this experiment was 2 months old. (sucking experiment)

Answer 1

False

Question 2

True False (circle one). To hear its mother’s voice the infant could learn to suck faster but not slower.(sucking experiment)

Answer 2

False

Question 3

True False (circle one). The infant could change its sucking rate in the middle of the experiment in order to continue hearing its mother’s voice. (sucking experiment)

Answer 3

True

Question 4

YES NO (Circle one). Does this graph demonstrate habituation?
Briefly explain your answer. (heart rate change graph)

Answer 4

Yes
The infants heart beat decreased largely after the word was pronounced after 5-7 seconds. In the 6th trial, there was barely change in the heartbeat at all showing the infant became habituated to the stimuli

Question 5

Can a 1-week-old clearly see lines thinner (not as wide) as those shown on the left? (line picture)

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

What experimental method is used in the figures on the left? (2face picture)

Answer 6

Visual Scanning

Question 7

What does the figure on the far left show about the infant’s focus of attention? (2face picture)

Answer 7

1 month old Infant focused on external contours for woman

Question 8

What does the figure on the right show about the infant’s focus of attention? (2face picture)

Answer 8

2 month old Infant focused on internal features on man

Question 9

Circle the figures on the left that a newborn infant would track with its eyes.
face, config, inverse, linear

Answer 9

a(face) and b(config)

Question 10

What is the earliest age at which an infant can recognize its mother in the experiment depicted on the left? (2 people green screen)

Answer 10

12 hours old

Question 11

Circle the displays below that will result in DISHABIBUATION after the occluder is dropped.
Mark an X through the displays below that WILL NOT result in DISHABIBUATION when the occluder
is dropped.

Answer 11

Stick with two sets of arrows side to side, stick moving back and forth, stick with ball at end will result in dis habituation
The rest will not result in dis habituation

Question 12

Mark an X through the graphs on the left that show DISHABIBUATION after the occluder is dropped.

Answer 12

graph b and d

Question 13

What was the experimental question in the experiment depicted in the figure on the left? (baby in chair)

Answer 13

Could they visually recognize toy they played with without seeing it?

Question 14

What type of memory is tested with these images? (horses)

Answer 14

Implicit memory

Question 15

For what type of stimuli do older children (10 yr olds) exceed younger children (5 yr olds) in performance in the experiment? (horses)

Answer 15

New pictures

Question 16

Fill in the missing labels on the branches in the figure below. (memory map)

Answer 16

1. procedural
2. episodic (declarative)
   3.skills(procedural)

Question 17

Which memory system is being tested in the experiment depicted below? (monkey experiment)

Answer 17

Working memory

Question 18

What part of the brain was lesioned in this experiment? (monkey experiment)

Answer 18

Frontal lobe

Question 19

What is the checkered platform on which the infant is crawling called?
In a sentence, what is the role of the woman in the image in the experiment?

Answer 19

Visual cliff.
Woman in image is used to provide social cues to either encourage or discourage the child from crawling

Question 20

What memory process was tested in the figure on the left? (house and cages picture)

Answer 20

Selective Attention/memory strategies

Question 21

Briefly state what children were asked to do in this experiment. (house and cages picture)

Answer 21

children told to remember where 6 animals or household items were marked with either a house or a cage.

Question 22

How did the experimenter aid the younger children? (houses and cages picture)

Answer 22

opened relevant doors for younger children to aid recall

Question 23

State the roles of dorsal and ventral pathways in visual processing

Answer 23

Dorsal: goes to parietal lobe and signals where
Ventral: goes to temporal lobe and signals what

Question 24

State three achievements in the development of visual perception of lines and shapes in early infancy (newborn – 3 months).

Answer 24

new borns Can distinguish curved lines from straight lines
Can discriminate right versus left oblique stripe patterns
newborns discriminate horizontal vs vertical

Question 25

State what it means to say that the perception of color is categorical.

Answer 25

Differences between colors blue-green are more striking than within colors shades of blue

Question 26

What is the earliest age that infants are sensitive to the full spectrum of color?

Answer 26

1 month olds

Question 27

At what age do infants have almost adult-like hearing thresholds for medium and high frequencies?

Answer 27

Newborns

Question 28

Considering basic perception of motion and tracking of objects, state 3 achievements of infants 0 – 3 months old.

Answer 28

Newborns can perceive objects that are close or farther away
Newborns can track large objects that move slowly
Infants from 1-3 months can distinguish between stationary and moving objects

Question 29

State the approximate age at which fear of falling develops

Answer 29

7 months

Question 30

Is face perception innate? Yes or No
State 2 experimental findings that support your position about the innateness of face perception

Answer 30

Yes
at 12-36 hours old, babies prefer to look at mother’s face than strangers
newborns track face like blobs

Question 31

Newborns recognize characters from stories their mothers read to them prenatally.

Answer 31

false

Question 32

6-month-olds but not 4-month-olds respond to novelty.

Answer 32

false

Question 33

An orienting reflex depends on subcortical processes.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Infants respond to violations of their mental expectations.

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Infants respond to their names starting around 1 year.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

Infants tune out the perception of phonemes from languages that are not spoken around the,

Answer 36

false

Question 37

Briefly, what is proprioception?

Answer 37

the sense that lets us perceive movement in our bodies; aware of what the body is doing

Question 38

State the earliest age we can observe proprioceptive processing.

Answer 38

birth

Question 39

State the 3 basic experiment steps in the Rovee-Collier crib study.

Answer 39

train for 15 minutes on day 1
do 3 minutes non-reinforcement, 9 minutes reinforcement and 3 minutes non-reinforcement
repeat the next day the exact same process as day 1

Question 40

State two major differences in the performance of 2-mo-olds, 3-mo-olds, and 6-mo-olds in the Rovee-Collier study

Answer 40

6 month olds had a greater retention interval than 2 month old and 3 month olds
as age increased the mention ratio started off higher.

Question 41

When 5 mo. olds were habituated to objects that varied in size, form, color, and orientation
a. Which properties did they remember on an immediate test?
b. Which properties did they remember after 15 minutes?
c. Which properties did they remember after 24 hours?

Answer 41

a. all four features
b. form and color
c. form

Question 42

Is memory span higher for letters or numbers?
b. State the average number of numbers recalled in the digit span task by 5-year-olds.
c. State the average number of numbers recalled in the digit span task by adults.

Answer 42

numbers
b. 4
c.7

Question 43

State a specific cognitive factor that could affect processing speed.

Answer 43

increased age, developed schemas

Question 44

State a specific physical factor that could affect processing speed.

Answer 44

brain injury, experience

Question 45

State 3 strategies that children use in to remember information (in the range of 18 months to 10 years).

Answer 45

memory rehearsal
organizing
systematicity

Question 46

Briefly state one instance from the past week when you applied a memory strategy. Clearly indicate which strategy you used.

Answer 46

I used memory rehearsal by rehearsing the questions for the study guide to memorize them.

Question 47

Chi (1978) showed an Age-by-Task interaction using 10-year-old chess experts and adults. Describe the participants and materials you could use in an original experiment that is similar to Chi’s.
a. Who are in the two groups in your experiment?
b. What are the two tasks in your experiment?
c. Why would this experiment produce an interaction effect?

Answer 47

a. 10 year old basketball fans and regular adults
b. have both groups first recall basketball players, then for the second task have them recall states in America
c. there would be an interaction effect because the children would recall more basketball players and the adults would recall more states bc of prior knowledge, so the lines would intersect on the graph

Question 48

State the STEPS in the experiment involving Sam Stone and 3-4 year olds.

Answer 48

children told several stories about Sam Stone and he was described as a “clumsy oaf”
Sam Stone visits the classroom for a bit and is pleasant to the children
the children are then presented with a soiled teddy bear and a torn book the next day and asked who did it

Question 49

State three possible sources of memory distortion in children and adults.

Answer 49

bias from new information
leading questions
individuals strive for consistency in memories

Question 50

Provide one plausible reason for infantile amnesia

Answer 50

hippocampi and frontal lobes underdeveloped
need schemas and scripts to encode stories
need to learn narrative form

Question 51

Content knowledge does not predict memory recall. IQ does.

Answer 51

false

Question 52

Children, but not adults, can be led to believe things that did not happen through the use of leading questions.

Answer 52

false

Question 53

To accurately question children, repeat the question many times.

Answer 53

false

Question 54

Learning narrative form helps children overcome infantile amnesia.

Answer 54

true

Question 55

Knowing schemas and scripts does not help children overcome infantile amnesia.

Answer 55

false

Question 56

Overcoming infantile amnesia depends on cognitive development not cortical development.

Answer 56

true