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Lucy Knox - Year 1 > Formative EMQ > Flashcards

Formative EMQ Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood vessels act as a resevoir

A

Systemic veins

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2
Q

Which vessels rely on the the windkessel effect?

A

Elastic arteries

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3
Q

Which blood vessels have valves?

A

Veins

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4
Q

Where does the blood pressure change the most?

A

Arterioles

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5
Q

What is the only connection between the Atria and Ventricles (electrically)

A

The AV bundle

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6
Q

What nerve loops under the aortic arch?

A

L recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

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7
Q

Which nerve supplies the parasympathetic control of the heart?

A

Vagus

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8
Q

Which Nerve travels in the carotid sheath?

A

Vagus

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9
Q

What did the black report find?

A
  • Health standards directly linked to social class
  • Probs linked with socio-economic factors: income, employment, poor environment, poor housing, education.
  • Gov should spend more money on health education and prevention of illness - to reduce poverty in UK.
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10
Q

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

A

An autoimmune reaction against Acetylcholine receptors -> muscle weakness and loss of control.

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11
Q

What is released when an action potential reaches the neuromuscular junction/end of the motor neuron?

A

Voltage gated Calcium channels

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12
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the Neuromuscular junction? What is its receptor?

A

Acetylcholine - nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

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13
Q

What is an ionotrophic receptor?

A

Ligand gated ion channel

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14
Q

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

Recessive, X linked, progressive muscle weakness and degeneration - leads to paralysis. Life expectancy - 25 years old.

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15
Q

What is released from the muscle cell when Acetylcholine binds?

A

Sodium ligand gated channels open - Na leaves, K enters - depolarises - end plate potential.

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16
Q

What receptor does Atropine target?

A

Competitive antagonist to Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptors (has opposite effect to parasympathetic - increases HR, dilates pupils, reduced salivation).

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17
Q

What receptor does Doxazosin target?

A

alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocker (reduced blood pressure)

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18
Q

What receptor does Salbutamol target?

A

B2 adrenergic agonist

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19
Q

What receptor does Salmetrol target?

A

B2 adrenergic Agonist

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20
Q

What receptor does Tiotropium target?

A

Muscarinic antagonist

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21
Q

What receptor does ipratropium target?

A

Muscarinic antagonist

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22
Q

What receptor does bisoprolol target?

A

Beta Blocker (slows HR): type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker

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23
Q

What receptor does Varenicline target?

A

Nicotinic Acetlycholine receptor agonist (used to stop smoking)

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24
Q

What do G cells do? Where are they?

A

Secrete Gastrin, in antrum. (inhibited by somatostatin)

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25
Q

What do D cells do? Where are they?

A

Produce somatostatin. Antrum. Damaged by h.pylori infection.

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26
Q

What do chief cells do? Where?

A

secrete pepsinogen (becomes pepsin). In fundus. Activated by vagus.

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27
Q

What do parietal cells do? where?

A

Secrete HCL and intrinsic factor (needed for B12 absorption). In fundus. stimulated by gastrin, vagus and histamine.

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28
Q

What do mucous cells in stomach do? Where?

A

Secrete mucous and pepsinogen. In Antrum. Stim. by vagus.

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29
Q

What test would you do for h. pylori?

A

Urea breath test.

  • for unexplained gastritis
  • if have gastric ulcer
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30
Q

What investigation could you do for suspected solid/cyst in liver?

A

Ultrasound

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31
Q

Overdose: Tachypnoea?

A

Asprin

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32
Q

Overdose dilated pupils?

A

Anti-cholinergics

33
Q

Overdose: bradychardia?

A

Beta-blocker

34
Q

Overdose: constricted pupils (miosis)

A

Opioids

35
Q

Overdose: bruising a few days later?

A

Paracetamol

36
Q

Overdose opiods - treatment/

A

Naloxone

37
Q

Overdose antidote: Anticholinesterases

A

Atropine

38
Q

Overdose antidote: Beta-blocker

A

glugagon

39
Q

Overdose antidote:carbon monoxide

A

100% o2

40
Q

Overdose antidote: Benzodiazepines

A

Flumazenil

41
Q

Overdose antidote: Methanol

A

Ethanol

42
Q

Overdose antidote: paracetamol

A

N-acetyl cystine

43
Q

What is the volume of each normal breath?

A

around 0.5l

44
Q

Someone has a wheeze + SOB… What might they have if they also: smoke

A

COPD

45
Q

Someone has a wheeze + SOB… What might they have if they also: have a brother with nasal polyps, malabsorption and a wheeze?

A

Cystic fibrosis

46
Q

Someone has a wheeze + SOB… What might they have if they also: wake at night, 5am, with a tight chest.

A

Constitutional Asthma

47
Q

Someone has a wheeze + SOB… What might they have if they also: have a brother also with wheeze and SOB, doesn’t necessarily smoke.

A

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin deficiency

48
Q

What can mature into osteoclasts and kuffner cells?

A

Monocytes

49
Q

A child has diarrhoea, but then has persistent loose stooles and flatulence, what might they have/

A

Secondary lactose intolerance

50
Q

What might cause a wide QRS complex?

A

Bundle branch block

51
Q

What might cause a bifid P wave?

A

Left atrial enlargement

52
Q

What might cause a deep Q wave (in some leads?)

A

Myocardial Infarction

53
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Huntingdons?

A

Autosomal dominant - any child has 50% chance.

54
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

X-linked recessive - transmitted by mother. If mother = carrier, daughter will have 50% of being another carrier, son will have 50% of having DMD (as he only has one X chrom - so will have it or not, can’t be a carrier).

55
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Autosomal recessive - if both parents carriers, 50% chance child will be a carrier, 25% chance child will have CF.

56
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of Haemophilia A?

A

x- linked rexessive (30% spontaneous). Passed on by mothers. Mother is carrier, daughter - 50% carrier risk, son - 50% risk of having it.

57
Q

What affect does cefalexin have on the GI system?

A

alters bowel flora - diarrhoea.

58
Q

How does omeprazole act?

A

like a reversible, chemical vagotomy. a PPI.

59
Q

What type of change in gastrulation?

A

Morphogenesis

60
Q

What treatments are available for GORD?

A

Antacids - neautralise acid
Alginates - protective lining
PPI’s - eg. omeprazole
H2 receptor antagonists - stop histamine, eg ranitadine

61
Q

What is a cause of isolated premature Adrenache in a girl?

A

Increased dihydroepiandrosteron

62
Q

What might cause Weight gain of 100gm/week in early infancy?

A

Cystic fibrosis

63
Q

What is normal growth from birth to 12 months?

A

an increase of 50% in length

64
Q

What is total pulmonary blood volume (ml)

A

400 ml

65
Q

What is the ratio of systemic to pulmonary pressure?

A

10

66
Q

What is the oxygen conc in pulmonary venous blood?

A

200ml o2 per l

67
Q

What is the oxygen conc pulmonary arterial blood?

A

150 ml O2 per l

68
Q

What is a normal pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, in a resting subject?

A

25 mmHg

69
Q

From which layer of cells does the primitive streak form?

A

Epiblast

70
Q

What forms in the first step of gastrulation?

A

The primitive streak

71
Q

What causes progressive lengthening of the PR interval preceding a non-conducted P wave

A

The Wenckebach phenomenon (Mobitz type 1 heart block)

72
Q

What causes no relationship between the rate and rhythm of P waves and the rate and rhythm of QRS complexes with more P waves than QRS complexes.

A

Complete AV dissociation

73
Q

What causes a broad QRS complex (>120 msec) with a 1:1 ratio of P waves to QRS complexes at a rate of 80 per minute.

A

Bundle branch block

74
Q

What causes an irregular RR interval with no visible P waves.

A

Atrial fibrilation

75
Q

What causes A prolonged PR interval (>200 msec) with a 1:1 ratio of P waves to QRS complexes at a rate of 80 per minute.

A

First degree heart block

76
Q

What is used in post partum haemorrhage every 15mins intramuscularly up to maximum of 8 doses.

A

Carboprost (15 alpha-methyl prostaglandin)

77
Q

What is Ergometrine used for?

A

To produce tetanic uterine contractions

78
Q

What is Syntocinon used for?

A

To cause rhythmic uterine contractions.

79
Q

What do they use Prostin (dinoprostone)

for?

A

Ripen the cervix.

Lucy Knox - Year 1 (36 decks)

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