Formative assessment Flashcards
A blood film contains macrovalocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils.
Which type of anaemia is these buzzwords referring to?
What is the cause?
Megaloblastic anaemia (a type of macrocytic anaemia)
Vitamin B12 / Folate deficiency
Which autoimmune disease can cause B12 / Folate malabsorption?
Pernicious anaemia
What are two blood film buzzwords for B12 / Folate deficiency?
Macrovalocytes
Hypersegmented neutrophils
What is a blood film finding specific to acute myeloid leukaemia?
Auer rods
A patient’s blood film contains Auer rods.
Which haematological malignancy is this referring to?
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
Remember CML has its own buzzwords: Philadelphia chromosome (22) mutation, BCR-ABL1 positive, treated with imatinib
What does a monocyte look like under the microscope?
Horseshoe nucleus
White vacuoles
In which situations would you give a patient
a) iron tablets
b) iron injections?
a) Mild iron deficiency anaemia
b) Severe iron deficiency anaemia
How do you treat autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?
Steroids
How do you treat Waldenstrom’s (IgM) disease?
Cytotoxic drugs
Plasma electropharesis
Which anticoagulant drugs target Factor Xa?
Rivaroxaban
Apixaban
Edoxaban
i.e all the novel anticoagulants with -xa- in their name
Which type of blood cells express CD20 antigens?
B cells
Which type of blood cells express CD30 antigens?
T cells
Which drug targets CD20 and can therefore be used to target B cell lymphomas?
Rituximab
Which drug targets BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase?
Which haematological malignancy is this enzyme associated with?
Imatinib
CML
Which drug targets Factors II, VII, IX and X?
Warfarin
Which disease is JAK2 mutation associated with?
Polycythaemia rubra vera
Which drug potentiates the action of antithrombin?
Which types of this drug potentiate antithrombin’s action against
a) thrombin
b) factor Xa?
Heparin
a) Unfractionated heparin
b) LMWH e.g dalteparin
Which drug inhibits platelet activation by inactivating cycloxygenase enzymes?
Aspirin
Which drug inhibits primary haemostasis by antagonising ADP?
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
Which NOAC directly inhibits thrombin?
Dabigatran
Bence Jones proteins (light chains found in a urine sample) indicates which haematological malignancy?
Multiple myeloma
Which drugs tend to cause a prolonged
a) PT / INR
b) APTT?
a) Warfarin
b) Heparin
Which disease causes a drop in platelets and fibrinogen, plus prolonged clotting times?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Treat with platelet transfusions and fresh frozen plasma
Treat underlying cause
Which disease are you testing for with a JAK2 gene analysis?
Polycythaemia rubra vera
i.e primary polycythaemia
What is the purpose of a Coombs test?
To differentiate between an autoimmune and non-autoimmune cause of haemolytic anaemia
(Autoimmune HA is Coombs positive, other causes e.g Sickle cell are Coombs negative)
What disease is associated with a raised serum caeruloplasmin?
Wilson’s disease
Immunophenotyping is used to differentiate between different kinds of ___.
lymphoma
What is a Kleihauer test used to detect?
Antepartum haemorrhage
Name two tests which can be used to detect thalassaemia.
Osmotic fragility analysis
Haemoglobin analysis
because this is a disease affecting globin chains
Name a cause of single factor deficiency.
Haemophilia A/B
Name some causes of multiple factor deficiency.
DIC
Liver failure
If an investigation references the red cell membrane, which disease does it likely involve?
Hereditary spherocytosis
but you’d see this on a blood film???
What is the (really simple) pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia?
Point mutation in globin gene producing HbS instead of HbA
Transfusions can acutely injure which organs?
Lungs
Loss of central pallor is a buzzword for which disease?
Spherocytosis
What is a sickle crisis?
Episodes of ischaemia (pain) caused by blockage of capillaries by sickle cells
Antiphospholipid syndrome is an (inherited / acquired) cause of thrombophilia.
acquired
others, like Factor V Leiden & antithrombin, protein C & S deficiencies are usually INHERITED
