Formative 2

Question 1

Is the olfactory afferent or efferent?

Answer 1

Afferent only

Question 2

What happens if the olfactory nerve is damaged?

Answer 2

If damaged, will result in anosmia on the ipsilateral side

Question 3

Where does the olfactory nerve enter the cranial cavity?

Answer 3

Via small holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 4

Which fractures result in olfactory nerve damage?

Answer 4

Fractures to the anterior cranial fossa

Question 5

How can you test for optic nerve in an unconscious patient?

Answer 5

By observing the pupillary constriction in response to light

Question 6

Where does the optic nerve nerve the skull?

Answer 6

Optic canal

Question 7

Where does one optic nerve join the opposite one?

Answer 7

Within the optic chiasm

Question 8

What are the optic nerve fibres closely related to?

Answer 8

The lateral geniculate body

Question 9

A lesion to … will result in total blindness if the left eye

Answer 9

The left optic nerve

Question 10

What will damage of the Cn3 lead to?

Answer 10

Ptosis of the same side eyelid

Question 11

What will damage of Cn 6 lead to?

Answer 11

Inability to abduct the eye

Question 12

A person with Cn4 damage will complain of double vision when looking…

Answer 12

Down

Question 13

Which muscles are spared in an UMN lesion?

Answer 13

Forehead muscles

Question 14

Cn 7 runs a course closely related to…

Answer 14

The middle ear (then exits via the internal acoustic meatus)

Question 15

How are the sweat glands supplied?

Answer 15

Sympathetic innervation via superior cervical ganglion

Question 16

Where is the nucleus of Cn 7?

Answer 16

The tegmentum of the pons

Question 17

What does a diseased Cn 8 result in?

Answer 17

Nystagmus (rapid eye movement)

Question 18

How can Cn 8 damage be tested for with a tuning fork?

Answer 18

With complete damage, when a tuning fork is placed in the middle of the forehead, the sound is heard best on the opposite side as the damage o

Weber test – neurosensory = hear best in normal ear; conductive = abnormal ear

Question 19

What does Cn 10 carry parasympathetic fibres to?

Answer 19

Heart, lungs and bowel

Question 20

At what level does Cn 10 leave the brain at?

Answer 20

The medulla (between pyramid and inferior cerebellar peduncle)

Question 21

Which pharyngeal muscles does Cn 10 supply?

Answer 21

All except stylopharyngeus

Question 22

What are the Cn 11 roots?

Answer 22

Cranial and spinal

Question 23

What vessel does Cn 11 run closely to?

Answer 23

Internal jugular foramen

Question 24

What will damage to Cn 12 cause?

Answer 24

Paralysis of the ipsilateral half of the tongue

Question 25

Where is the spinothalamis tract found in relation to the white matter of the spinal cord?

Answer 25

Anterolateral

Question 26

What is the middle ear filled with?

Answer 26

Air - equalises pressure

Question 27

What is conductive deafness?

Answer 27

A reduction in the mechanical transmission of sound waves to the oval window

Question 28

What does the round window do?

Answer 28

vibrates with opposite phase to oval window allowing fluid in cochlear to move

Question 29

What joints are between the three ossicles?

Answer 29

Synovial

Question 30

What do the tensor tympani & stapedius control?

Answer 30

The stiffness of the ossicullar chain

Question 31

What is the organ of corti?

Answer 31

specialised structure which rests on the basilar membrane contains auditory sensory cells

Question 32

How many times does the cochlea coil around the modiolus?

Answer 32

2.5-2.75

Question 33

How do sound waves enter?

Answer 33

Via the oval window

Question 34

Where is the basilar membrane narrower?

Answer 34

The basilar membrane is wider at its apex and narrower at its base – base sensitive to high frequencies, apex to low

Question 35

How many inner and outer hairs are there in the cochlea?

Answer 35

A single row of inner hairs and 4-5 rows of outer hairs

Question 36

During ageing … tone deafness occurs

Answer 36

High

Question 37

What is the function of the semicircular canal?

Answer 37

detect rotational acceleration and deceleration; gravity and linear detected by otolithic organs (utricle & saccule)

Question 38

What will damage to the semicircular canals on one side result in?

Answer 38

nystagmus with the slow towards from the damaged side and the rapid reset sway from it

Question 39

Which ear movement will damage in left side semicircular canals result in?

Answer 39

Both

Question 40

What happens when you pour ice cold water in the external auditory meatus?

Answer 40

convection currents in the semicircular canals and nystagmus

Question 41

What do the utricle and saccule signal?

Answer 41

Both the position of the head with respect to gravity and linear acceleration

Question 42

What membrane do the utricle and saccule project into?

Answer 42

The otolith membrane

Question 43

What are the utricle and saccule filled with?

Answer 43

Endolymph

Question 44

What are mossy fibres derived from?

Answer 44

derived from various brainstem nuclei EXCEPT ION

Question 45

What are climbing motor functions?

Answer 45

learning new motor actions;

Question 46

What fibres does each Purkinje fibre receive input from?

Answer 46

Parallel fibres

Question 47

Where does feedback info from the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex travel via?

Answer 47

auditory pathway (MGN), IC to auditory cortex; and visual pathway (LGN), SC to visual; ventrolateral thalamus

Question 48

What is involved with the initiation of coordinated movement?

Answer 48

Basal ganglia

Question 49

What system does the cerebellum principally receive info from?

Answer 49

Vestibular system

Question 50

What side does a cerebellum lesion affect?

Answer 50

Ipsilateral side

Question 51

Olfaction and gustation are represented … in areas including the post-central gyrus (tongue region) and insular cortex

Answer 51

Ipsilaterally