formative Flashcards
which nerve supplies levator ani
pudendal
how does perineal body maintain pelvic organ support
central point attachment of perineal musculature
risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse
- vaginal delivery
- heavy lifting occupation
- previous gynae surgery
- menopause (dec oestrogen)
why can vaginal delivery cause pelvic floor dysfunction
- damage to pelvic floor muscles
- injury to perineal body
- stretching pudendal nerve
- damage ligamentous support of musculature
normal sperm count young man
20-200x10^6ml-1
normal range of volume of ejaculate
2-4ml
spermatogenesis
formation of spermatids from spermatogonia in seminiferous tubules
spermiogenesis
spermatid to spermatozoa > final maturation in spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules
testes
LH / FSH which cell
LH- leydig cell
FSH- sertoli
which cells drive differentiation of gonad to form testes
derived from?
primordial germ cells
derived from yolk sac
risk factors for CIN
- inc risk HPv exposure
- smoking
- immunosuppressed
- multiple births
- early first pregnancy
- low socio economic class
relevance of transformation zone of cervix
area most likely to become cancerous
located at external os of cervix
lymphatic drainage of cervic
superior portion- internal iliac
inferior - sacral nodes
which cells secrete hCG
syncytiotrophoblast
histological changes of placenta from 1st and 3rd trimester
- thinning of syncytiotrophoblast layer
- dissapearance of cytotrophoblast layer
- thinning of placenta barrier
