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Cell proliferation > Formation and degeneration of pancreatic beta cells > Flashcards

Formation and degeneration of pancreatic beta cells Flashcards

1
Q

islets are clusters of approx 1000 _____ cells

A

endocrine

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2
Q

approx how many islets are in a human pancreas

A

1 million

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3
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas secrete (acini and ducts)

A

secrete digestive enzymes

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4
Q

alpha cell secrete what

A

glucagon

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5
Q

beta cells secrete what

A

insulin

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6
Q

delta cell secrete what

A

somatostatin

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7
Q

PP cells secrete what

A

pancreatic polypeptide

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8
Q

epsilon cells secrete what

A

ghrelin

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9
Q

insulin is cleaved from what

A

pro insulin and c peptide

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10
Q

glucose sensing in beta cells facilitates what

A

dose dependant stimulation of insulin secretion by glucose

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11
Q

what are essential molecular components of beta cell glucose sensing

A

glucose transporters (GLUT1/2)
Glucokinase (GCK)
oxidative metabolism
Katp channels (Katp)
L-type voltage dependant (ca2+) channels (VDCC)
exocytotic machinery

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12
Q

pancreatic islets are composed of how many principle endocrine cell types

A

3

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13
Q

what are the three principle endocrine cell types in the pancreatic islets

A

alpha
beta
delta

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14
Q

beta cells produce what

A

pro insulin

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15
Q

beta cells produce proinsulin which is packaged and processed in large dense vesicles called what

A

insulin granules

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16
Q

insulin is secreted in response to what

A

glucose stimulation

17
Q

insulin drives what

A

anabolic pathways in target tissue

18
Q

insulin drives anabolic pathways in target tissues to promote what

A

storage of nutrients and low blood glucose

19
Q

what is the formation of beta cells called

A

neogenesis

20
Q

what is neogenesis

A

formation of new beta cells

21
Q

what is Neurogenin3

A

a transcription factor

22
Q

what is the “master regulator” of pancreatic development

A

PDX1

23
Q

what does neurogenin3 do

A

transcription factor that drives endocrine cell lineage

24
Q

what are key beta cell identity transcription factors

A

PDX1
MAFA
NKX6.1
PAX6

25
Q

what is beta cell neogenesis

A

formation of new beta cells from ductal progenitors during development

26
Q

how is this term classified
formation of new beta cells from ductal progenitors during development

A

beta cell neogenesis

27
Q

in extreme beta cell loss, what cells can differentiate into insulin expressing cells in mice

A

alpha and delta cells

28
Q

lineage tracing in possible in mice but not in …

A

humans

29
Q

why is lineage tracing possible in mice and not in humans

A

mice do not express human diptheria toxin receptor (DTR)
tissues are resistant dipetheria toxin (DT)

30
Q

expression of DTR in beta cells enable what

A

selective ablation of beta cells by DT

31
Q

following beta cell ablation, what cells switch on insulin production

A

alpha cells

Cell proliferation (3 decks)

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