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eukaryotic transcription and gene regulation Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotic cells have _ classes of RNA polymerase

A

3

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2
Q

what is the role of RNA polymerase I

A

transcribes ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus
= components of ribosome

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3
Q

what is the function of RNA polymerase II

A

transcribes messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleoplasm

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4
Q

what is the function of RNA polymerase III

A

transcribes rRNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs in the nucleoplasm

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5
Q

how many subunits make up all eukaryotic DNA

A

12 subunits

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6
Q

what does the largest subunit in RNA polymerase II have

A

carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) consisting of multiple repeats of a heptamer

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7
Q

from what process is mRNA produced

A

transcription

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8
Q

5’ UTR contains signals for ________ of transcription

A

initiation

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9
Q

3’ UTR contains translational ________ site

A

termination

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10
Q

how many phases of transcription are there

A

3

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11
Q

what are the three phases of transcription

A

initiation
Elongation
Termination

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12
Q

in transcription, initiation is the first phase, what occurs

A

chains of 2-9 bases are synthesised and released

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13
Q

in transcription, Elongation is the second phase, what occurs

A

RNA polymerase synthesises RNA

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14
Q

in transcription, termination is the 3rd and final phase, what occurs

A

RNA polymerase and RNA and released

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15
Q

what are some requirements for transcription

A

chromatin must be opened in euchromatin form before RNA polymerase can bind the promoter
basal transcription factors
coactivators

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16
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
RNA polymerase II requires general transcription factors called what to initiate transcription

A

TFIIX

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17
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
RNA polymerase II requires general transcription factors such as TFIIX to do what

A

initiate transcription

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18
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
RNA polymerase II promoters usually have a (long/short) sequence

A

short

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19
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
what is a common component of RNA polymerase II promoters and consists of an A-T rich octamer

A

TATA box

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20
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
the TATA box is a common component of RNA polymerase II promoters and consists of what

A

A-T rich octamer

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21
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
The TATA box is a common component of RNA polymerase II promoters and consists of an A-T rich octamer located how far upstream of the start point

A

~25bp upstream of the start point

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22
Q

why is TATA binding protein important for promoters

A

its required for each type of RNA polymerase to bind to its promoters

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23
Q

what 2 things are required to melt DNA to allow polymerase movement

A

TFIIE and TFIIH

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24
Q

TFIIE and TFIIH are required for what after the initiation phase of transcription

A

they are required to melt DNA to allow polymerase movement

25
after initiation of transcription, phosphorylation of what is required for promoter clearance and elongation to begin
phosphorylation of C terminal domain (CTD) or RNA polymerase II
26
after initiation, phosphorylation of the C terminal domain (CTD) or RNA polymerase II are required for what to allow elongation to begin
phosphorylation is required to allow for promoter clearance
27
transcription is the process of what
process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence
28
only genes in what form can be transcribed
euchromatin (non-condensed)
29
what occurs at the transcription initiation site
where the RNA polymerase begins the DNA synthesis
30
what occurs at the transcription termination site
release the RNA polymerase of the DNA
31
what is the transcription rate
speed of RNA polymerase activity between the initiation and the termination sites
32
promoter is a short regulatory DNA sequence upstream of the transcription ______ site sequence
initiation
33
YYCAYYYYY Y codes for what C codes for what A codes for what
Y - cYtosine, thYmidine C - Cytosine A- Adenine
34
TATA sequence is bound by what
TATA binding protein
35
what does the TATA sequence allow for
enables to position and build the multi protein RNA polymerase complex upstream of the transcription initiation site
36
activity of RNA polymerase II (RNA synthesis rate) is fine tuned by what
cyclin dependant kinases
37
activity of RNA polymerase II (RNA synthesis rate) is fine tuned by what cyclin dependant kinases
CDK9 and CDK12
38
activity of RNA polymerase II is fine tuned notably by the kinases CDK9 and CDK12, what do they do to the C terminal domain of RNA polymerase II
phosphorylate
39
in transcription, where is the enhancer site
can be thousands of bases from the start site (upstream)
40
what do enhancers contain that assist transcription initiation
Bidirectional DNA elements
41
Enhancers contain bidirectional DNA elements that assist what
Transcription initiation
42
enhancers form complexes of what that interact directly or indirectly with the promoter
complexes of activators
43
enhancers form complexes of activators that interact directly or indirectly with what
the promoter
44
what is a repressor
a protein that inhibits expression of a gene
45
what protein is responsible for inhibiting the expression of a gene
a repressor
46
give an example of how a repressor could prevent transcription
it could bind to an enhancer or silencer
46
give an example of how a repressor could prevent transcription
it could bind to an enhancer or silencer
47
an enhancer typically activates a promoter of what distance to itself
the closest one - whether upstream or downstream to itself
48
how do enhancers work
they increase the concentration of activators near the promoter
49
p53_ is a transcription factor
p53alpha
50
p53 activates transcription by what
directing strcutural shifts in mediator
51
ehancers are classically defined as ___ -acting DNA sequences
cis
52
enhancers are defined as cis-acting DNA sequences that can ______ the transcription of genes
increase
53
enhancers function independently of orientation at various distances from what
the target promoter
54
silencers are defined as ___ acting DNA sequences
cis
55
silencers can be defined as cis-acting DNA sequences that can ____ the transcription of genes
decrease
56
silencers function independently of orientation and at various distances from what
thir target promoters
57
the cis acting DNA sequences in ehancers or silencers are specifally bound by transcription factors such as what
p53
58
the binding specificity and affinity of transcription factor to cis-acting DNA sequences in ehancers/silencers is regulated by what
post translational modifications induced by different cll signals pathways sensing the stimuli or changes in the extracellular and intracellular environment

Cell proliferation (3 decks)

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