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Cell proliferation > eukaryotic transcription and gene regulation > Flashcards

eukaryotic transcription and gene regulation Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotic cells have _ classes of RNA polymerase

A

3

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2
Q

what is the role of RNA polymerase I

A

transcribes ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus
= components of ribosome

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3
Q

what is the function of RNA polymerase II

A

transcribes messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleoplasm

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4
Q

what is the function of RNA polymerase III

A

transcribes rRNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs in the nucleoplasm

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5
Q

how many subunits make up all eukaryotic DNA

A

12 subunits

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6
Q

what does the largest subunit in RNA polymerase II have

A

carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) consisting of multiple repeats of a heptamer

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7
Q

from what process is mRNA produced

A

transcription

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8
Q

5’ UTR contains signals for ________ of transcription

A

initiation

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9
Q

3’ UTR contains translational ________ site

A

termination

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10
Q

how many phases of transcription are there

A

3

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11
Q

what are the three phases of transcription

A

initiation
Elongation
Termination

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12
Q

in transcription, initiation is the first phase, what occurs

A

chains of 2-9 bases are synthesised and released

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13
Q

in transcription, Elongation is the second phase, what occurs

A

RNA polymerase synthesises RNA

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14
Q

in transcription, termination is the 3rd and final phase, what occurs

A

RNA polymerase and RNA and released

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15
Q

what are some requirements for transcription

A

chromatin must be opened in euchromatin form before RNA polymerase can bind the promoter
basal transcription factors
coactivators

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16
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
RNA polymerase II requires general transcription factors called what to initiate transcription

A

TFIIX

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17
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
RNA polymerase II requires general transcription factors such as TFIIX to do what

A

initiate transcription

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18
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
RNA polymerase II promoters usually have a (long/short) sequence

A

short

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19
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
what is a common component of RNA polymerase II promoters and consists of an A-T rich octamer

A

TATA box

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20
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
the TATA box is a common component of RNA polymerase II promoters and consists of what

A

A-T rich octamer

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21
Q

THE STARTPOINT OF RNA POLYMERASE II
The TATA box is a common component of RNA polymerase II promoters and consists of an A-T rich octamer located how far upstream of the start point

A

~25bp upstream of the start point

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22
Q

why is TATA binding protein important for promoters

A

its required for each type of RNA polymerase to bind to its promoters

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23
Q

what 2 things are required to melt DNA to allow polymerase movement

A

TFIIE and TFIIH

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24
Q

TFIIE and TFIIH are required for what after the initiation phase of transcription

A

they are required to melt DNA to allow polymerase movement

25
Q

after initiation of transcription, phosphorylation of what is required for promoter clearance and elongation to begin

A

phosphorylation of C terminal domain (CTD) or RNA polymerase II

26
Q

after initiation, phosphorylation of the C terminal domain (CTD) or RNA polymerase II are required for what to allow elongation to begin

A

phosphorylation is required to allow for promoter clearance

27
Q

transcription is the process of what

A

process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence

28
Q

only genes in what form can be transcribed

A

euchromatin (non-condensed)

29
Q

what occurs at the transcription initiation site

A

where the RNA polymerase begins the DNA synthesis

30
Q

what occurs at the transcription termination site

A

release the RNA polymerase of the DNA

31
Q

what is the transcription rate

A

speed of RNA polymerase activity between the initiation and the termination sites

32
Q

promoter is a short regulatory DNA sequence upstream of the transcription ______ site sequence

A

initiation

33
Q

YYCAYYYYY
Y codes for what
C codes for what
A codes for what

A

Y - cYtosine, thYmidine
C - Cytosine
A- Adenine

34
Q

TATA sequence is bound by what

A

TATA binding protein

35
Q

what does the TATA sequence allow for

A

enables to position and build the multi protein RNA polymerase complex upstream of the transcription initiation site

36
Q

activity of RNA polymerase II (RNA synthesis rate) is fine tuned by what

A

cyclin dependant kinases

37
Q

activity of RNA polymerase II (RNA synthesis rate) is fine tuned by what cyclin dependant kinases

A

CDK9 and CDK12

38
Q

activity of RNA polymerase II is fine tuned notably by the kinases CDK9 and CDK12, what do they do to the C terminal domain of RNA polymerase II

A

phosphorylate

39
Q

in transcription, where is the enhancer site

A

can be thousands of bases from the start site (upstream)

40
Q

what do enhancers contain that assist transcription initiation

A

Bidirectional DNA elements

41
Q

Enhancers contain bidirectional DNA elements that assist what

A

Transcription initiation

42
Q

enhancers form complexes of what that interact directly or indirectly with the promoter

A

complexes of activators

43
Q

enhancers form complexes of activators that interact directly or indirectly with what

A

the promoter

44
Q

what is a repressor

A

a protein that inhibits expression of a gene

45
Q

what protein is responsible for inhibiting the expression of a gene

A

a repressor

46
Q

give an example of how a repressor could prevent transcription

A

it could bind to an enhancer or silencer

46
Q

give an example of how a repressor could prevent transcription

A

it could bind to an enhancer or silencer

47
Q

an enhancer typically activates a promoter of what distance to itself

A

the closest one - whether upstream or downstream to itself

48
Q

how do enhancers work

A

they increase the concentration of activators near the promoter

49
Q

p53_ is a transcription factor

50
Q

p53 activates transcription by what

A

directing strcutural shifts in mediator

51
Q

ehancers are classically defined as ___ -acting DNA sequences

52
Q

enhancers are defined as cis-acting DNA sequences that can ______ the transcription of genes

53
Q

enhancers function independently of orientation at various distances from what

A

the target promoter

54
Q

silencers are defined as ___ acting DNA sequences

55
Q

silencers can be defined as cis-acting DNA sequences that can ____ the transcription of genes

56
Q

silencers function independently of orientation and at various distances from what

A

thir target promoters

57
Q

the cis acting DNA sequences in ehancers or silencers are specifally bound by transcription factors such as what

58
Q

the binding specificity and affinity of transcription factor to cis-acting DNA sequences in ehancers/silencers is regulated by what

A

post translational modifications induced by different cll signals pathways sensing the stimuli or changes in the extracellular and intracellular environment

Cell proliferation (3 decks)

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