Formal- Syntax

Question 1

Syntactic Patterning (PAL)

Answer 1

-all build cohesion (connecting and gluing ideas)
:Parallelism
:Antithesis
:Listing

Question 2

PAL- Parallelism

Answer 2

eg.’OUR fellow citizens, OUR way of life, OUR very freedom…” (parallelism of the possessive determiner ‘our’ and listing of the noun phrases)

Function:
-creates a semantic thread
-builds momentum and packages ideas
-creates a mirrored structure=more powerful and memorable for readers

Question 3

PAL-Antithesis

Answer 3

eg. “Keep your mouth close but your eyes open”
-always ANTONYMY
Function:
-deliberate and carefully packaged structure to create a STRONG CONTRAST

Question 4

PAL-Listing

Answer 4

eg. “disbelief, terrible sadness and a quiet, unyielding anger’

Function:
-works to layer and package for greater impact on the reader.

Question 5

Nominalisation

Answer 5

-verbs being formed into nouns through the use of derivational morphemes.
eg. ‘Implementation, foundation etc.’
(X need subject eg. He implemented>implementation)

Function:
-contributes to formality as more SOPHISTICATED and ABSTRACT
-adds to syntactic density of language thus more abstract=formal.

-‘The use of the nominalised ‘participation…’

Question 6

Information Flow (FEC)

Answer 6

-contribute to a texts cohesion by organising sentencing in a particular way.

-what users want to HIGHLIGHT, what is MOST IMPORTANT and what is assumed the reader already knows.

-SVO=neutral syntax,
non-SVO=marked syntax

:Front Focus
:End Focus
:Clefting

Question 7

FEC-Clefting

Answer 7

*It-Clefts= Dummy Subject+V+S+relative pronoun+clause
eg. Alice kicked the winning goal > “It was Alice who kicked the winning goal”

Function:
-Emphasises subject, eg. Alice or winning goal.

*What-Clefts=What+Subject noun clause+v+NP
eg.I really want answer>”(What) I really want are answers”
(This sentence has been clefted to..)

Question 8

FEC-End Focus

Answer 8

-places material w. HIGHER COMMUNICATIVE VALUE.
-moves grammatically complicated or heavily modified structured to the end.
eg. “She depended (for inspiration) (or the presence) of HER BOOKS”
>’her books’=end focus
>’for inspiration, the presence’=end weight.

Question 9

FEC (Existential Sentences)-END FOCUS

Answer 9

-These statements are FACT.

-(there/it)=dummy subject
-are used to reserve new info for end of sentence.
-‘There’=pronoun
eg.’There are many endangered species in Australia’(end focus on Australia).

Function:
-sentence sounds more Factual, Objective and Authoritative.

Question 10

FEC-Front Focus (FIPv)

Answer 10

Fronting:
-highlights the beginning of the sentence.
-gets audiences attention (marked syntax
eg. adverbial phrase “Later that day”

Inversion:
-subject and verb inverted
eg.”Numerous are these who…”
eg. “Only at night, can I study….”
Fn=creates dramatic effect/impact.

Passive Voice:
-SVO(active voice) is standard syntax
-passive voice is standard but reverses SV(A)
-EMPHASIS is shifted.