formal language Flashcards
phonological features
sound symbolism
alliteration
consonance
onomatopoeia
rhythm and rhyme
accent
morphological features
compounding
acronyms
initialism
compounding
eg- law enforcement
increases lexical density of np
lexical features
nominalisation
nominalisation
lexeme add derivational morpheme to form noun
eg- transformation
- communication
utilisation
increases density and formality
information flow
front focus
end focus
clefting
neutral syntax
subject
verb
object
marked syntax
unusual
front focus
places something other than subject NP at start of IC
- highlights beginning of a sentence
- creates greater prominence for elements that would usually come later
- gets audiences attention
inversion
elements normally positioned later in clause moved to the front
-dramatic impact
- stylistic effect
EG: much to learn you still have
passive voice
america was targeted for attack
-shifts focus
end focus
relates to end weight
places material with higher communicative value at the end
moves grammatically complicated or heavily modified structure to the end
EG: she depended on inspiration on the presence of her book
existential sentences
there/ it = dummy subject
create end focus/ end weight
satisfy english syntax
eg; THERE are many endangered species in Australia
FRONT FOCUS
fronting
inversion
passive voice
END FOCUS
end weight
existential sentences
syntactic patterning
parallelism
antithesis
listing
parallelism
efficiantly packages ideas into mirrored structures
our fellow citizens, our way of life
antithesis
efficiantly packages ideas into mirrored structures
can shares, cannot touch
OPPOSITE MEANING
listing
links ideas with a semantic thread
layers NP/adj to describe
passive voice analysis
front focus
give prominence
formal construction
it clefting
dummy subject it + verb + subject +rel. pronoun + clause
what clefting
what + SNCl + V + np
denotation
dictionary meaning
connotation
associated meaning
fig lang formal
metaphor
simile
oxymoron
hyperbole
personification
pun
cohesion lang-
links w/i text
ties phrases/ clauses/ ideas together
reference forward or back
creates stronger ties
avoids repetition which can detract from cohesion
synonymy
lexemes with similar meaning- reinforce idea/ add detail
antonymy
lexemes with opposite meaning can link ideas as they contrast each other
hyponymy
creates link through highlighting relationship between sem field
collocation
lexemes that go together and build on expectation of what is coming–> familiar way
subject specific lexis
use of term specific to sem field and draws connections within text to tie clauses together
substitution- NP
on NP replaces another eg chair and table, furniture
anaphoric reference
pronoun used instead of previous np eg: jack, they
cataphoric reference
pronoun used before NP eg: she sat, ruby sat at train station
deixis
features that help reader link text to time, place, or setting
eg- that, there
ellipsis
connects 2 parts of a sentence by removing unnecesary parts that are assumed
repetition
deliberately repeated to create links and reinforce ideas they present
eg: whispers became rumours, rumours became stories and stories became fact
conjunctions and conjuctive adverbial phrases
sequence and timing- after, when meanwhile
cause and effect- consequently
additives- also
contrastive- nevertheless
shows relationship between ideas
coherance lang
assists navigation
provides a sense of consistency accross the text
supports the register of the text
supports consistency of sem field
directs reader at a discourse level
signposts different sections/ focuses within the text
formatting and layout
heading
subheading
dotpoints
tables
columns
bolding/ italics/ underline
discourse markers
asterisks
footnotes
parentheses/ brackets
hyperlinks
font
logical order
sequencing of content
unpacking and analysing logical order and sequence
eg; tense–> past, present, future
timing
inference
need background info to comprehend a text
implies semantics to infer necessary info
consistency of tense
grounds discourse in a certain time frame
consistency of sem field
lexemes which provide a consistent understanding of domain
consistency of person
consistent perspective assists reader understanding
conventions
what is expected
headings and byline in an article
salutation and closure in a letter
headings, subheading and bullet points in a recipe
contact details at the end of an advertisment
