formal language

Question 1

phonological features

Answer 1

sound symbolism
alliteration
consonance
onomatopoeia
rhythm and rhyme
accent

Question 2

morphological features

Answer 2

compounding
acronyms
initialism

Question 3

compounding

Answer 3

eg- law enforcement
increases lexical density of np

Question 4

lexical features

Answer 4

nominalisation

Question 5

nominalisation

Answer 5

lexeme add derivational morpheme to form noun
eg- transformation
- communication
utilisation
increases density and formality

Question 6

information flow

Answer 6

front focus
end focus
clefting

Question 7

neutral syntax

Answer 7

subject
verb
object

Question 8

marked syntax

Answer 8

unusual

Question 9

front focus

Answer 9

places something other than subject NP at start of IC
- highlights beginning of a sentence
- creates greater prominence for elements that would usually come later
- gets audiences attention

Question 10

inversion

Answer 10

elements normally positioned later in clause moved to the front
-dramatic impact
- stylistic effect
EG: much to learn you still have

Question 11

passive voice

Answer 11

america was targeted for attack
-shifts focus

Question 12

end focus

Answer 12

relates to end weight
places material with higher communicative value at the end
moves grammatically complicated or heavily modified structure to the end
EG: she depended on inspiration on the presence of her book

Question 13

existential sentences

Answer 13

there/ it = dummy subject
create end focus/ end weight
satisfy english syntax
eg; THERE are many endangered species in Australia

Question 14

FRONT FOCUS

Answer 14

fronting
inversion
passive voice

Question 15

END FOCUS

Answer 15

end weight
existential sentences

Question 16

syntactic patterning

Answer 16

parallelism
antithesis
listing

Question 17

parallelism

Answer 17

efficiantly packages ideas into mirrored structures

our fellow citizens, our way of life

Question 18

antithesis

Answer 18

efficiantly packages ideas into mirrored structures

can shares, cannot touch

OPPOSITE MEANING

Question 19

listing

Answer 19

links ideas with a semantic thread
layers NP/adj to describe

Question 20

passive voice analysis

Answer 20

front focus
give prominence
formal construction

Question 21

it clefting

Answer 21

dummy subject it + verb + subject +rel. pronoun + clause

Question 22

what clefting

Answer 22

what + SNCl + V + np

Question 23

denotation

Answer 23

dictionary meaning

Question 24

connotation

Answer 24

associated meaning

Question 25

fig lang formal

Answer 25

metaphor
simile
oxymoron
hyperbole
personification
pun

Question 26

cohesion lang-

Answer 26

links w/i text
ties phrases/ clauses/ ideas together
reference forward or back
creates stronger ties
avoids repetition which can detract from cohesion

Question 27

synonymy

Answer 27

lexemes with similar meaning- reinforce idea/ add detail

Question 28

antonymy

Answer 28

lexemes with opposite meaning can link ideas as they contrast each other

Question 29

hyponymy

Answer 29

creates link through highlighting relationship between sem field

Question 30

collocation

Answer 30

lexemes that go together and build on expectation of what is coming–> familiar way

Question 31

subject specific lexis

Answer 31

use of term specific to sem field and draws connections within text to tie clauses together

Question 32

substitution- NP

Answer 32

on NP replaces another eg chair and table, furniture

Question 33

anaphoric reference

Answer 33

pronoun used instead of previous np eg: jack, they

Question 34

cataphoric reference

Answer 34

pronoun used before NP eg: she sat, ruby sat at train station

Question 35

deixis

Answer 35

features that help reader link text to time, place, or setting
eg- that, there

Question 36

ellipsis

Answer 36

connects 2 parts of a sentence by removing unnecesary parts that are assumed

Question 37

repetition

Answer 37

deliberately repeated to create links and reinforce ideas they present
eg: whispers became rumours, rumours became stories and stories became fact

Question 38

conjunctions and conjuctive adverbial phrases

Answer 38

sequence and timing- after, when meanwhile
cause and effect- consequently
additives- also
contrastive- nevertheless
shows relationship between ideas

Question 39

coherance lang

Answer 39

assists navigation
provides a sense of consistency accross the text
supports the register of the text
supports consistency of sem field
directs reader at a discourse level
signposts different sections/ focuses within the text

Question 40

formatting and layout

Answer 40

heading
subheading
dotpoints
tables
columns
bolding/ italics/ underline
discourse markers
asterisks
footnotes
parentheses/ brackets
hyperlinks
font

Question 41

logical order

Answer 41

sequencing of content
unpacking and analysing logical order and sequence
eg; tense–> past, present, future
timing

Question 42

inference

Answer 42

need background info to comprehend a text
implies semantics to infer necessary info

Question 43

consistency of tense

Answer 43

grounds discourse in a certain time frame

Question 44

consistency of sem field

Answer 44

lexemes which provide a consistent understanding of domain

Question 45

consistency of person

Answer 45

consistent perspective assists reader understanding

Question 46

conventions

Answer 46

what is expected

headings and byline in an article
salutation and closure in a letter
headings, subheading and bullet points in a recipe
contact details at the end of an advertisment