formal

Question 1

elevated lexeme

Answer 1

Elevated lexemes=Low frequency lexemes= increase the sophistication  increase in formality + (text purpose) + ( reflect gravity/ register)= serious+ ceremonial
Dense NP= sophistication ect.
Nomilised noun= nomilisation from ( word class) to noun  manipulate syntax  sophisticated/ formal nature

Question 2

jargon

Answer 2

Lexemes specific to particular domain/sem field
Reflect a sense of sophistication + reflect the contexts
Establish expertise within domain of _____
+ section C content

Question 3

information flow

Answer 3

What language want to highlight
What considered more important
What assumed audience already knows
Neutral syntac=SVO
Marked syntax=unusual in some way( X SVO)

Question 4

clefting

Answer 4

Cleft=help focus on particular part of sentence to emphasise what we want to say by introducing it or building up to it with a kind of rel. clause
It-cleft
Dummy subject + V + S + rel. pro + clause
Eg. It (verb) (subject),(rel pro)______ (It was I, who wrote this powerpoint)  front focus on “it (verb)(subject”

What-cleft
What + SNCL + V + NP (complement)
Eg. What I really want, are some answers  end focus on NP(compliment) “some answers”

Question 5

end focus

Answer 5

Place material w higher communicative value at the end
gram complicated/heavily modified structures to the end
Create prominence/suspense + literary in style

Question 6

front focus

Answer 6

Highlight beginning of sentence
 increase prominence of elements that usually come later
Front focus=Place smthing other than subject NP at the start of an IC
Get audience attention
Less usual syntax struc
Can  end weight/ end focus eg.(if unwell, ppl must stay home, unless seeking medical care)
Foreground + intial focus+ forefront of readers mind(can  increase comprehension)

Question 7

existential

Answer 7

There/it dummy subject (empty+ purely there to satisfy English syntax
Reserve new info for end of sentence
Eg. There are many endangered species in Australia
There + verb [typically be] + noun phrase

Question 8

fronting + inversion

Answer 8

Adv P is fronted to set the scene
Dc fronted to “qualify” the main clause
Inversion= inversion of S and V presents dramatic impact  a further shift in focus and structure is created= literary in style+ poetic
Eg. “Much to learn you still have”

Question 9

passive voice

Answer 9

Marked syntax= Subj  becomes g. Oand object g. Subj
(g.S) (to be) _____agent(optional)
Agent=usually PP
Agentless passive= remove agent obfuscate/ hide truth + remove responsibility or remove assumed knowledge=removes unneccesary repetition(cohesion)

Question 10

semantic patterning

Answer 10

Metaphor,similie,personification,hyperbole, oxymoron, pun
Denotation=referential meaning that is constantly associated w the lexeme
Connotation= the affective meaning a word takes on by associations that might arise from users beleifs+ experiences
Figurative lang= expressive use of lang that employs lexems+phrases in non-literal way