Form and Function Flashcards
What is anatomy and physiology, what is important about them
anatomy = form, physiology = function, very interconnected
what is the rate of exchange and amount of exchange material proportional to
surface area, volume
what allows for the movement of material in and out of cells in vertebrates
interstitial fluid
what evolutionary adaptations allow sufficient exchange with the environment in complex animals
branched, folded, specialized structures
Organization of body plans
specialized cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ systems
what are the four types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
what are epithelial tissues
closely joint cells that cover the outside of the body and line organs/cavities in body
what are the two surfaces of epithelia, which faces the lumen?
apical and basal, apical
How are connective tissue structures
scattered cells in a matrix
what makes up the matrix
fibres and ground substance
collagen fibre function
strength and flexibility
reticular fibre function
foin connective tissues to adjacent tissues
what are the 6 types of CT found in vertebrates and their functions
- Loose (holds organs in place)
- Fibrous (tendons and ligaments)
- Bone (mineralized)
- Adipose (fat)
- Blood
- Cartilage (strong and flexible support, avascular)
what are muscle cells made of and their function
actin and myosin, contract in respond to nerve signals
what are the three types of muscle tissue and their functions
skeletal/striated (voluntary)
smooth (involuntary)
cardiac (heart contraction)
What is the function of nervous tissue
receiving, processing, transmitting info
what are the two types of nervous tissue
neurons (transmit Aps)
glial (nourish, insulate, regulate neuron activity)
differences between endocrine and nervous systems
endocrine = hormones, slow, receptive cells, one or more region, long lasting
nervous = neurons, fast, specific locations
what does information conveyed by NS depend on
signals pathway, not signal type
what is maintained in humans
body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration
what serves as a stimulus in homeostasis
fluctuations above or below a set point
negative feedback
returns a variable to a normal range
positive feedback
amplifies a stimulus
what can set points and normal ranges change with (2)
age or cyclic
what is the difference between acclimation and acclimatization
adjustment to environmental factor(s)
single = acclimation
multiple = acclimatization
endothermic
generates heat internally to maintain body temp, mammals and birds
ectothermic
relies on external heat sources to regulate body temp, fish/reptiles/amphibians
thermoregulator
actively maintains stable body temp
thermoconformer
body temp matches environment
homeotherm
maintains constant body temp
poikilotherm
body temp fluctuates with environment
what are the four physical processes used by organisms to exchange heat
radiation, evaporation, convection (fan effect), conduction (direct surfaces)
what are the five adaptations used to help animals thermoregulate
insulation, circulatory adaptations, cooling via evaporative heat loss, behavioural responses, adjusting metabolic heat production
what is insulation, how does it effect heat flow
skin/feathers/fur… reduce heat flow
what is circulatory adaptations
regulation of blood flow
what forms of circulatory adaptations effect heat flow
dilation = blood flow increases = facilitating heat loss
constriction = blood flow decreases = lowering heat loss
what is countercurrent heat exchange, what is its effect on heat loss
transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite direction, reduce heat loss
what types of animals are countercurrent exchangers
fish, shark, endothermic insects
what is evaporative heat loss
sweating/bathing, panting
how is thermogenesis increased
muscle activity like moving/shivering
where is fat broken down during nonshivering thermogenesis
brown adipose tissue (BAT), rich in mitochondria and blood vessels
how can birds and mammals acclimatize to seasonal temperature changes
varying their insulation
what can ectotherms produce at subzero temperatures
antifreeze to prevent ice formation in cells
