form and function

Question 1

which brain structures are 3 layers

Answer 1

pririform cortex
hippocampus

Question 2

which brain structure is 3-4 layers

Answer 2

entorhinal cortex (input / output hippocampus)

Question 3

which brain structure is 4 layers?

Answer 3

parahippocampal gyrus

Question 4

which brain structure is 4-5 layers

Answer 4

insular cortex

Question 5

which brain structure is 5 layers

Answer 5

cingulate cortex

Question 6

what % of cortex neurons are excitatory?

Answer 6

80%

Question 7

what neuron type (ie. shape) are excitatory neurons generally?

Answer 7

pyramidal

Question 8

what neuron type are interneurons

Answer 8

interneuron

Question 9

macro scale

Answer 9

whole brain connectivity

Question 10

meso scale

Answer 10

interconnections between regions of neurons

Question 11

micro scale

Answer 11

every synapse

Question 12

human brain could produce how much data

Answer 12

200 exabytes

Question 13

cortical columns

Answer 13

Histology of primate cortex shows narrow columns of cells
Single origin that connects neurons together
Increase in brain = increase in columns

Question 14

columns in v1

Answer 14

In V1: receptive fields superimpose on one another

Question 15

columns in somatosensory cortex

Answer 15

within a column, respond to the same thing

Question 16

five things we know about sleep

Answer 16

Molecular clock (slightly more than 24h)
Clock is entrained (light, social)
Flip switches: awake OR asleep
Wake: tonic thalamocortical activity
In and out of REM

Question 17

deeper sleep = more ______ brain activity

Answer 17

synchronised

Question 18

circadian cue - FEO

Answer 18

meal times
eating

Question 19

circadian cue - MAO

Answer 19

social activity

Question 20

we are hot / cold when asleep?

Answer 20

cold

Question 21

amount of growth hormone _____ during sleep

Answer 21

increases

Question 22

cortisol _____ during sleep because _____

Answer 22

increases
Increases (and decreases, then increases again) because of anabolic function of steroids

Question 23

melanopsin

Answer 23

Responds to light
Activate PVN to activate ANS to inhibit melatonin synthesis and release
Melatonin is sleep inducing

Question 24

excitatory neurons are _____ neurons

Answer 24

pyramidal

Question 25

rem sleep

Answer 25

you CAN dream in rem
the most ‘awake’ sleep state

Question 26

benzos and sleep

Answer 26

deep sleep
decreased rem

Question 27

caffeine and sleep

Answer 27

Transition between states
Wake up quickly

Question 28

orexin

Answer 28

maintains alert state
inhibited by sleep promoting gaba neurons when sleep time

Question 29

sleep suppresses / promotes NA?

Answer 29

suppresses

Question 30

hemineglect

Answer 30

Neglect one side of environment
They can see it, just don’t attend to it
Damage to: parietal cortex
Important for attending to spatial environment
Particularly R side

Question 31

right parietal cortex

Answer 31

attending to spatial environment

Question 32

balints syndrome

Answer 32

Deficits in spatial organisation (can only access info if brought very close together)
Parietal and occipital damage

Question 33

fronto-parietal region
RIGHT SIDE

Answer 33

interested in vision of both sides

Question 34

LC

Answer 34

Positive relationship between LC firing and arousal level
LC neuronal activity and NA receptor activation -> sufficient to invoke alertness necessary to be ‘awake’
If both lost: won’t be able to wake up
Makes brain focus on components

Question 35

NA bursts

Answer 35

quickly switch between tasks