form and function Flashcards
which brain structures are 3 layers
pririform cortex
hippocampus
which brain structure is 3-4 layers
entorhinal cortex (input / output hippocampus)
which brain structure is 4 layers?
parahippocampal gyrus
which brain structure is 4-5 layers
insular cortex
which brain structure is 5 layers
cingulate cortex
what % of cortex neurons are excitatory?
80%
what neuron type (ie. shape) are excitatory neurons generally?
pyramidal
what neuron type are interneurons
interneuron
macro scale
whole brain connectivity
meso scale
interconnections between regions of neurons
micro scale
every synapse
human brain could produce how much data
200 exabytes
cortical columns
Histology of primate cortex shows narrow columns of cells
Single origin that connects neurons together
Increase in brain = increase in columns
columns in v1
In V1: receptive fields superimpose on one another
columns in somatosensory cortex
within a column, respond to the same thing
five things we know about sleep
Molecular clock (slightly more than 24h)
Clock is entrained (light, social)
Flip switches: awake OR asleep
Wake: tonic thalamocortical activity
In and out of REM
deeper sleep = more ______ brain activity
synchronised
circadian cue - FEO
meal times
eating
circadian cue - MAO
social activity
we are hot / cold when asleep?
cold
amount of growth hormone _____ during sleep
increases
cortisol _____ during sleep because _____
increases
Increases (and decreases, then increases again) because of anabolic function of steroids
melanopsin
Responds to light
Activate PVN to activate ANS to inhibit melatonin synthesis and release
Melatonin is sleep inducing
excitatory neurons are _____ neurons
pyramidal
rem sleep
you CAN dream in rem
the most ‘awake’ sleep state
benzos and sleep
deep sleep
decreased rem
caffeine and sleep
Transition between states
Wake up quickly
orexin
maintains alert state
inhibited by sleep promoting gaba neurons when sleep time
sleep suppresses / promotes NA?
suppresses
hemineglect
Neglect one side of environment
They can see it, just don’t attend to it
Damage to: parietal cortex
Important for attending to spatial environment
Particularly R side
right parietal cortex
attending to spatial environment
balints syndrome
Deficits in spatial organisation (can only access info if brought very close together)
Parietal and occipital damage
fronto-parietal region
RIGHT SIDE
interested in vision of both sides
LC
Positive relationship between LC firing and arousal level
LC neuronal activity and NA receptor activation -> sufficient to invoke alertness necessary to be ‘awake’
If both lost: won’t be able to wake up
Makes brain focus on components
NA bursts
quickly switch between tasks
