Forest Ecosystem MOCK Exam 3 Flashcards
The thorax of an insect consists of ____ tightly fused segments.
a. two
b. four
c. five
d. three
d. three
Canker disease in tree species are evidence by which of the following:
I. longitudinal bark cracks
II. girdled branches
III. necrosis of leaves
a. I, II
b. I, III
c. I, II, III
d. II, III
c. I, II, III
A small flattened cytoplasmic organelle having a secretory function.
a. flagellum
b. ribosome
c. dictyosome
d. hydrophyte
c. dictyosome
______is the product of sexual reproduction of plants.
a. seed
b. flower
c. fruit
d. seedling
a. seed
Species trials involve series of tests to determine the suitability of any tree species to an area given the prevailing site condition. Which of the series of tests uses survival rate only as indicator of performance?
a. species growth test
b. species performance test
c. species selection test
d. species elimination test
d. species elimination test
Which are parts of the embryo?
I. primary root
II. endosperm
III. first leaves
a. I, III
b. I, II
c. I, II & III
d. II, III
a. I, III
A vascular bundle connecting the vascular system of a leaf with that of the stem.
a. hilum
b. node
c. leaf primordium
d. leaf trace
b. leaf trace
Atrophic symptoms are disease symptoms manifested when there is slowing down in development of plant parts or failure of organs to develop fully. _____ is that condition when internodes are stunted and when leaves are clustered.
a. chlorosis
b. etiolation
c. rosetting
d. suppression
c. rosetting
______ is a method of rooting cuttings which involves oxygen cycling in water where cuttings are placed and addition of nutrients in the water.
a. mist
b. hydroponics
c. aeroponics
d. bubble bath
b. hydroponics
In old mature stands of natural forest, considerable part of timber volume is destroyed by _____.
a. varicose borer
b. heart rot fungi
c. shoot moth borer
d. gall rust
b. heart rot fungi
The family where tanniferous trees and shrubs belong:
a. malvaceae
b. moraceae
c. anacardiaceae
d. rutaceae
c. anacardiaceae
A flaccid condition of the cell due to deficiency of water and low turgor pressure.
a. turgid
b. hydrolyzed
c. wilt
d. plasmolized
c. wilt
Which of the following is NOT a necrosis of the green plant tissues?
a. blight
b. blotch
c. canker
d. firing
c. canker
This indicates that the seeds are free from any pathogenic microflora and harmful insects.
a. seed health certification
b. quarantine’s report
c. species health record
d. pathogenic certificate
a. seed health certification
Which of the following are direct influences of deforestation on soil chemistry?
I. Removal of regular organic matter inputs
II. Decreased soil nutrients due to fire
III. Higher soil temperature
a. I, II, & III
b. II, III
c. I, III
d. I, II
c. I, III
What are some of the requirements for suitable species for erosion control?
I. It must be straight boled
II. It should have deep and widespread root system
III. It must be able to withstand drought
a. I, II
b. II, III
c. I, III
d. I, II, III
b. II, III
To further promote biodiversity in the country, MC no. 2004-06 was enc=forced. What strategy is being promoted by this circular?
a. logban
b. sustainable forestry
c. rainforestation farming
d. assisted natural regeneration
c. rainforestation farming
Kamag and kayugalo belong to family_____.
a. caesalpiniaceae
b. combretaceae
c. bursaceae
d. casuarinaceae
a. caesalpiniaceae
____refers to the swelling of the bark beyond girdling wounds due to overaccumulation of food.
a. dwarfing
b. etiolation
c. epinasty
d. sarcody
d. sarcody
The growth or yield of a tree depends upon food production (photosynthesis) being _____ the food consumption (respiration).
a. more or less equal to
b. considerably lesser than
c. equal to
d. considerably greater than
d. considerably greater than
Begins with predominantly inorganic environment and characterized by early and continued dominance of producers.
a. primary succession
b. heterotrophic succession
c. ecological succession
d. autotrophic succession
d. autotrophic succession
These are the most common pest of Albizzia falcataria for the larvae are gregarious feeders which can totally consume the leaf tissues after the first or second molt.
I. Eurema blanda
II. Eurema hecabe
III. Eurema sinensis
a. I, III
b. I, II
c. II, III
d. I, II &III
b. I, II
_____is the science of classification and nomenclature of plants while_____ is an art and science of studying the external form and structure of trees.
a. dendrology and morphology
b. systematics and tree physiology
c. plant taxonomy and tree morphology
d. plant systematics and tree morphology
c. plant taxonomy and tree morphology
The Philippines has four climatic types based on rainfall throughout the year. The first type has__________.
a. No dry season with a very pronounced maximum rainy period from November to January
b. Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year
c. Two pronounced seasons, dry seasons from November to April; wet during the rest of the year
d. Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April , and wet from the rest of the year
c. Two pronounced seasons, dry seasons from November to April; wet during the rest of the year
When old, this species has bark that peels off in long irregular thin flakes.
a. Gubas
b. Yemane
c. Bagras
d. Lamug
c. Bagras
______is a significant legislation in Philippines Biodiversity conservation which establishes the National Policy on Biological Diversity.
a. EO 108
b. RA 7586
c. PD 705
d. EO 578
d. EO 578
It refers to fruits of grasses, seed-like thin pericarp adherent to the seed.
a. pappus
b. caryopsis
c. raphe
d. ray seed
b. caryopsis
The tallest grass in the world is:
a. cogon
b. talahib
c. tukod langit
d. bamboo
d. bamboo
The enlarged, basal portion of a pistil in which ovules are found.
a. pericycle
b. pericarp
c. ovary
d. peristome
c. ovary
What factors influence the causative agent to be non- infectious?
I. inadequate mineral nutrients
II. unsuitable soil
III. weather condition
a. I, II
b. I, III
c. II, III
d. I, II, & III
d. I, II, & III
What type of buttress is exhibited by Canarium ovatum?
a. Flying
b. Steep
c. Plant
d. Round
a. Flying
_____is the production of the protoplast from nonliving materials like food and minerals.
a. photosynthesis
b. reproduction
c. assimilation
d. respiration
c. assimilation
As a forester in charge, you walk through your teak plantation. You noticed that the leaves look scorched along the margins. The teak trees are deficient in ___.
a. calcium
b. nitrogen
c. potassium
d. phosphorus
c. potassium
The scientific name of Kalios Streblus asper belonging to the family Lauraceae. The fruits are ovoid.
a. All statements are true
b. Statement 1 is false; statement 2 is true
c. All statements are false
d. Statement 1 is true; statement 2 is false
b. Statement 1 is false; statement 2 is true
Which is considered as the worst pest of pines in the Philippines?
a. Pitrova cristata
b. Dioryctria rubella
c. Ips calligraphus
d. Fusarium solani
c. Ips calligraphus
The most common foliage disease of Kaatoan bangkal and narra is leafspots. When many leafspots coalesce in the leaf tissue, it is called as______.
a. blight
b. die-back
c. canker
d. scorch
a. blight
Example of ecological values of the forest.
a. Tidal wave, flood and erosion barrier
b. Venue for relaxation
c. ceremonial grounds
d. every species has the right to exist
a. Tidal wave, flood and erosion barrier
Water in the biosphere moves in cycles. Arrange in order the following water movements to describe the water cycle with rain as the primary source of water.
I. Transpiration and evaporation
II. Precipitation
III. Infiltration
IV. Condensation
a. IV, II, III and I
b. I, IV, II, and III
c. II, III, I and IV
d. III, I, IV, and II
c. II, III, I and IV
Plant systematics pertains to the:
a. division of related classes of plants
b. study of plant distribution
c. identification, classification and evolutionary relationship of plants
d. silvicultural treatments
c. identification, classification and evolutionary relationship of plants
Its presence in the cell results in the stiff and sturdy framework and lack of motility in plants.
a. cell wall
b. cellophane
c. chlorophyll
d. chloroplast
a. cell wall
Altered soil microclimate is detrimental to soil organisms which require moisture for processes. Compaction of soil has no effect on microbial activity.
a. Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true
b. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
c. Both statements are false
d. Both statements are true
b. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
What gives the sandy soil its looseness, good aeration, good drainage and easy tillage characteristics?
a. the relatively low amount off organic materials
b. the relatively high amount of inorganic materials
c. the relatively low amount of organic materials
d. the relatively high amount of organic materials
b. the relatively high amount of inorganic materials
Loss of biodiversity decreases the probability of recovery after significant disturbance or adaptation to changing conditions. The degree to which a system can recover to such a disturbance is a measure of its____.
a. Perseverance
b. Endurance
c. Resilience
d. Integrity
c. Resilience
What differentiates a cleft from a lobed leaf in terms of leaf margins?
a. Its margin is cut into sharp teeth
b. Its incisions extend nearly to the midrib
c. Its incisions extend more than half-way to the midrib
d. Its margin cut into rounded tooth
c. Its incisions extend more than half-way to the midr
______are some living things that seem to belong to neither the plant or animal kingdom.
a. diatom
b. digitales
c. protist
d. cells
c. protist
Glycolysis is the first phase in the process of ___.
a. assimilation
b. respiration
c. transpiration
d. absorption
b. respiration
Damping off is classified as a______ symptom while chlorosis is ______symptom.
a. necrotic-atrophic
b. atrophic-necrotic
c. necrotic-hypertrophic
d. hypertrophic-atrophic
a. necrotic-atrophic
Whys is it NOT advisable to collect seeds from isolated individual trees?
a. because you don’t know their parent trees
b. because they self pollinate
c. because their seeds fall to the ground
d. because they are young or immature trees
b. because they self pollinate
Is a transition area between a protected area and the surrounding landscape.
a. ecotone
b. bufferzone
c. hedgerows
d. wilderness area
b. bufferzone
The tendency of progenies to be like their parents brought about by the environment and interaction of heritable factors.
a. heredity
b. segregation
c. variation
d. individual assortment
a. heredity
A large planting hole with plenty of refilled soil result to:
I. higher initial growth
II. waterlogged seedlings
III. increase in survival rate
a. I and II
b. II and III
c. I, II, and III
d. I and III
d. I and III
Which refer to Achantina fulica?
I. It is an introduced species of snail
II. It becomes a destructive pest of most seedling
a. Neither I nor II
b. I only
c. II only
d. I and II
d. I and II
The ___ of the soil refers to the sizes of particles that predominate while____ refers to the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates.
a. structure-texture
b. texture-structure
c. texture-horizons
d. structure-horizons
b. texture-structure
The carbonized remains of compressed carboniferous forest is knows as____.
a. pigments
b. coal
c. peat
d. caulk
b. coal
Ips calligraphus is considered the worst pest of pines at Camp John Hay, Baguio city. Which of the following characteristics refers to I.calligraphus?
I. Prefers recently felled or weakened trees
II. Predominantly attacks the main trunk
III. The adult is small black when mature
a. I, II
b. I, III
c. II, III
d. I, II &III
d. I, II &III
_______ is evidenced by black fruiting bodies or tiny yellowish spots on the surface of the leaves.
a. necrosis
b. blight
c. chlorosis
d. leaf spot
d. leaf spot
_____is the movement of chemical elements and inorganic compounds that are essential to life.
a. nitrogen cycle
b. sulfur cycle
c. nutrient cycling
d. phosphorus cycle
c. nutrient cycling
Which of the following characterizes Hemipters?
I. It has mandibulate mouth parts
II. It has thick and hard front wings
a. I only
b. II only
c. I and II
d. Neither I nor II
d. Neither I nor II
____is an organism with or having three or more sets of chromosomes.
a. multiploid
b. diploid
c. haploid
d. polyploidy
d. polyploidy
Radiant energy is sole energy that can be used by green plants. What happens when radiant energy is intercepted by the leaf?
I. It can be absorbed
II. It can be transmitted
III. It can be reflected
a. I and II
b. I, II, and III
c. I and III
d. II and III
b. I, II, and III
In Mangroves, there are many detritus animals. Which is not a detritus-consuming animal?
a. Fungi
b. Nematode
c. Mollusk
d. Crustacean
a. Fungi
Which is not an indigenous species in the Philippines?
a. yemane
b. gubas
c. bagras
d. kaatoan bangkal
a. yemane
What is the direct effect of ANAA or HORNEX solutions to wildlings?
a. Harden the wildlings
b. Reduce moisture loss
c. Enhance root development
d. Increase stem growth
c. Enhance root development
It deals with the distribution of plants on the earth’s surface.
a. plant systematics
b. plant succession
c. plant geography
d. plant ecology
c. plant geography
A simple, dry dehiscent fruit from a compound pistil.
a. drupe
b. capsule
c. pod
d. berry
b. capsule
This class have flowers which develop into fruits that completely surround the seeds.
a. gymnosperms
b. monocots
c. dicots
d. angiosperms
d. angiosperms
This refers to pre-emergence damping off.
a. Microfungi infest leaves only
b. infection of seed embryos prevents radicle emergence
c. Microfungi infest stem and root system
d. Infection occurs when seed germinates
b. infection of seed embryos prevents radicle emergence
The destructive stage of the shoot moth is the larvae. It bores through the tissue and results in the production of side shoots at the point of the damage.
a. Statement 1 is true, second is false
b. Statement 1 is false, second is true
c. Both statements are true
d. Both statements are false
c. Both statements are true
It is a supporting and strengthening tissue in which cells have irregular primary wall thickenings.
a. parenchyma
b. sclerenchyma
c. collenchyma
d. lysosomes
c. collenchyma
A more or less epherical protoplasmic structure that governs the activities of the cell.
a. nodule
b. nucleus
c. organelle
d. nucleolus
b. nucleus
Which is not a tree or a shrub?
a. Psidium guajava
b. Eragrostis curvuravea
c. Homonea riparia
d. Datura alba
b. Eragrostis curvuravea
Xanthostemon verdugonianus is believed to be the hardest wood in the Philippines, which belongs to the family:
a. Euphorbiaceae
b. Ebenaceae
c. Meliaceae
d. Myrtaceae
d. Myrtaceae
Gugo is used extremely in the Philippines and other oriental countries for washing hair. What is the scientific name of gugo?
a. Nymphoides indica
b. Ludwegia adscebdens
c. Pistia sp.
d. Entada phaseoloides
d. Entada phaseoloides
Which refer to sympodial branching?
I. Type of branching without a main axis
II. More or less have equal laterals
a. Neither I nor II
b. I only
c. I and II
d. II only
c. I and II
A carbohydrate material that makes up the cell walls of most plants.
a. chlorophyll
b. sucrose
c. chloroplast
d. cellulose
d. cellulose
Which of the following insects are polyphagous and feed on different tree species?
I. grasshopper
II. crickets
III. beetles
a. I, II
b. I, III
c. II, III
d. I, II &III
a. I, II
The study of the evolutionary relationship of organism using both fossils and modern living representatives of a group of species.
a. dendrology
b. taxonomy
c. systematics
d. classification
c. systematics
Which is not a part of the leg?
a. emur
b. cardo
c. trochanter
d. larvae
b. cardo
What do you mean if the soil is said to be permeable?
a. It can change from one kind to another
b. It can become solid
c. It is sticky
d. It can be penetrated by liquid
d. It can be penetrated by liquid
Which is NOT a characteristic of banaba?
a. The leaves are oblong obovate
b. The flowers are numerous and borne on hair racemes
c. The fruits are large capsule
d. The leaves are smooth
b. The flowers are numerous and borne on hair racemes
_____ is the process by which cell walls and protoplasm absorb water making them softer, swollen and more elastic.
a. diffusion
b. absorption
c. osmosis
d. imbibition
d. imbibition
The movement of substances into a cell or other structure from the outside is referred to as____.
a. absorption
b. accumulation
c. assimilation
d. abscission
a. absorption
It is the scientific method used in upland farming along contour lines with use of A-frame.
a. reforestation
b. multiple cropping
c. Sloping Agricultural Land Technology
d. bench terracing
c. Sloping Agricultural Land Technology
The Philippine has a total of 3.4 million hectares of open grassland representing:
a. 1.13%
b. 12%
c. 11% of the country’s land area
a. 1.13%
Simple leaves as to their margin maybe classified as______ when deeply cut but the incisions do not reach more than halfway the midrib.
a. parted
b. divided
c. cleft
d. lobed
d. lobed
Nutrient deficiency resulted to reduced growth or stunting. Severe stunting is principally caused by lack of iron and calcium.
a. Both statements are true
b. Both statements are false
c. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
d. Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true
c. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
Leaching is more pronounced in the temperate countries than in the tropics. Leaching resulted to high temperature and high level of biological community.
a. Statement 1 is correct, statement 2 is false
b. All statements are false
c. All statements are true
d. Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is correct
d. Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is correct
As to leaf arrangement, when two or more leaves are borne at the same node on the same side of the stem, it is_____while, it is_____when they are regularly arranged one above another in two opposite rows.
a. whorled-alternate
b. fascicled-distichous
c. whorled-opposite
d. fascicled-secund
b. fascicled-distichous
What differentiates a cyme from a corymb?
a. Inner flower opens last
b. Inner flower opens first
c. arrange like ribs of umbrella
d. flowers start from all points
b. Inner flower opens first
Which of the following are true about mangium?
I. Flowers develop into green pods that turn blackish brown when mature
II. Leaves are crowded at the end of the twigs
III. When mature, pods turn into irregularly spiraled cluster.
a. I, II & III
b. I, II
c. II, III
d. I, III
d. I, III
Which refers to Mt. Apo National Park?
I. About 75000ha
II. Proclaimed through RA 9237
III. Highest peak in the Philippines
a. I and II
b. I and III
c. II and III
d. I, II & III
c. II and III
As it attacks bagras, this insect concentrates on the inflorescence of the still unrecognizable fruits just below the developing flower bud.
a. butterfly
b. mealy bugs
c. gall midge
d. leaf hoppers
c. gall midge
Usually when plants are kept in rooms without sunlight, dwarfing chlorosis and spindlines are observed. This disease symptom is known as_____.
a. chlorosis
b. rosetting
c. necrosis
d. etiolation
d. etiolation
Most plants are able to manufacture their own food from raw materials from the air and soil. The simplest form of green plants is known as ____.
a. virus
b. bacteria
c. algae
d. fungi
c. algae
The fruit of bagras is small woody ____.
a. pome
b. stone
c. capsule
d. head
c. capsule
____have identical wings which are parallel to the body when at rest.
a. grasshoppers
b. damselflies
c. fireflies
d. dragonflies
b. damselflies
Leaf margins that are cut into teeth that are rounded, are referred to as _____.
a. sinuate
b. dentate
c. crenate
d. serrate
c. crenate
The average growth of Azadirachta exlsa is 10cm/year in diameter and 2 cm/year in height. What is its total growth in height expressed in meters after 10 years if at 8th year onwards the average growth was reduced to 1.5 cm/yr only.
a. 1.85
b. 0.185
c. 185
d. 18.5
b. 0.185
Leaves which are more or less curved as to their shape are termed as _____.
a. obovate
b. ovate
c. falcate
d. orbicular
c. falcate
In selective logging, the trees left in the logging set-up is called:
a. reproduction
b. residuals
c. mother trees
d. plus trees
b. residuals
What is the upper limit of the water holding capacity of the soil?
a. maximum tolerance
b. field capacity
c. field penetration capacity
d. saturation point
b. field capacity
Refers to the fraction of the soil water not available to plants.
a. field capacity
b. hydroscopic coefficient
c. capillary fringe
d. water holding capacity
b. hydroscopic coefficient
The symptom is known as ____ when the necrotic tissue within a leaf spot cracks and falls from the sorrounding tissue while ___ when dark mycelia appear on the surface of a necrotic spot.
a. blight - specks
b. shot hole - blotch
c. spot - shot hole
d. blight - blotch
b. shot hole - blotch
Translocation is dependent on environmental factor such as light, temperature and water. It involves the movement of various materials within a plant.
a. The first statement is false; the second is true
b. The first statement is true; the second is false
c. All statements are true
d. All statements are false
c. All statements are true
The scientific name of Bishop tree:
a. Dracontamelon dao
b. Bischofia javanica
c. Broussonetia papyrifera
d. Ficus variegata
b. Bischofia javanica
A broad leaved plant that sheds off its leaves at the end of each growing season
a. monocot
b. biennial
c. monoecious
d. deciduous
d. deciduous
The tendency of progenies to differ from their parents and from among themselves.
a. heredity
b. segregation
c. variation
d. individual assortment
c. variation
Which of the following are some required activities to be conducted in seed certification?
I. Determine the history of the seed source
II. Conduct filed inspection of mother trees
III. Replicate plantation to other sites
a. I, II
b. I, II & III
c. II, III
d. I, III
b. I, II & III
Which of the following are considered as virulant damping off organisms?
I. Fusarium spp.
II. Streptomyces spp.
III. Pythium spp.
a. I, II
b. I, III
c. I, II, III
b. I, III
Considered the most destructive insect pest of G. arborea, the larvae of Ozola minole feed on:
I. leaf margin
II. make holes on the leaves
III. eat the whole leaf
a. I, II
b. I, II, II
c. I, III
d. II, III
a. I, II
The branches of roots originate from an internal tissue referred to as _____.
a. root cap
b. pericycle
c. root hair
d. rhizome
b. pericycle
Nitrogen fixation is the microbiological conversion of nitrogen to NH4 which can be readily utilized by plants. Nitrogen fixation maybe symbiotic or non- symbiotic.
a. Statement 1 is false, statement 2 is true
b. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
c. All statements are false
d. All statements are true
d. All statements are true
How do you classify a surface of a leaf or a stem covered with small wart-like projections?
a. rugose
b. muricate
c. glabrous
d. tuberculate
d. tuberculate
There are two known pine species in the Philippines, namely, Benguet pine and Mindoro pine. The leaves of the former are characterized by:
a. 2 needles per fascicle
b. single needle per fascicle
c. 4 needles per fascicle
d. 3 needles per fascicle
d. 3 needles per fascicle
Which refers to raptors or birds of prey?
I. They regulate the population of snake, wild rodents and other small animals
II. Pithecophaga Jeffrey’s is a raptor
III. They have massive arched beak
a. I, II
b. I, III
c. II, III
d. I, II & III
d. I, II & III
What are the characteristics of chewing insects?
I. They have two mandibles
II. They have two maxillae
III. They have two labrum
a. I, II
b. I, III
c. II, III
d. I, II & III
a. I, II
If the young of a cockroach is a nymph, what is the young of a butterfly?
a. nymph
b. pupa
c. grab
d. caterpillar
d. caterpillar
Which of the following is the initial symptom of canker disease caused by corticum discolor in neem trees?
a. branch swelling
b. yellowing of leaves
c. necrosis
d. girdled branches
a. branch swelling
This is the planting of agricultural crops in upland forest areas comprising 60% agricultural crops and 40% forest crops or trees.
a. Wood and Agriculture
b. agroforestry
c. Industrial Tree Plantation
d. tree farming
b. agroforestry
Term used in the breakdown of complex substances to simple forms.
a. mastication
b. guttation
c. none of these
d. digestion
d. digestion
___is the splitting of water to provide hydrogen ion and gaseous oxygen.
a. hydrolysis
b. photosynthesis
c. photolysis
d. electrolysis
c. photolysis
The outermost whorl of flower parts frequently green in color and leaflike:
a. petal
b. sepal
c. perianth
d. tepal
b. sepal
After three weeks of observation, you noticed that the leaves of your mahogany trees have yellow spots all over and seems remain along the veins. Your trees lack ____.
a. potassium
b. magnesium
c. calcium
d. iron
b. magnesium
Physical disturbances of the ecosystem disrupt the nutrient cycling mechanism. Highly adapted biological are not susceptible to disruption.
a. tatement 1 is false, statement 2 is true
b. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
c. All statements are true
d. All statements are false
b. Statement 1 is true, statement 2 is false
The soil is impervious if it_____.
a. can be solidified
b. cannot be penetrated by liquid or gas
c. cannot travel in upward movement
d. can be cleansed by action of water
b. cannot be penetrated by liquid or gas
It is the part of the cell wall where ATP synthesis occurs.
a. golgi apparatus
b. mitochondrion
c. vacuole
d. nucleus
b. mitochondrion
This disease of Eucalyptus deglupta is characterized by the dying backward of shoot and the curling of infected leaves and shoots.
a. damping-off
b. shoot blight
c. leaf spot
d. tip blight
d. tip blight
What kind of fruit has narra?
a. schigocarp
b. samara
c. caryopsis
d. follicle
b. samara
The protoplasm of a single cell is known as____.
a. protoplast
b. chromoplast
c. chloroplast
d. hydroplast
a. protoplast
