Forensics Flashcards
Aims of custodial sentencing
To protect the public
To punish an offender and this decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
To deter others, people giving prison sentences should discourage the general population from committing crime
To atone for wrongdoing sense of justice
To rehabilitate offenders
Psychological effects of custodial sentencing
De- individuatin- loss of individual identity which is associated with increased aggression and treating people in inhuman ways
Depression self harm and suicide
Overcrowding and lack of privacy
Effects on the family
Evaluation
It has been argued that being in prison may increase the likelihood of reoffending rather than decrease it
According to Sutherlands differential association theory spending time with each other criminals will both have affect an individual attitudes towards crime and provide opportunities for learning how to be more successful at commuting crime. Latessa and Lowenkamp concluded that placing low risk offenders with high risk offenders make it more likely that the low risk individuals will reoffend.
Top down approach
Profiling _______- include a description of the crime ______background information about the victim and details of the crime itself.
Decision ________ models - profiler starts to organise data into meaningful patterns like ________ type, time factor and ________ factors.
Crime ___________- organised type of offender- the crime tends to be planned and the victim is ____________ targeted. Weapon hidden and violent fantasies may have been acted out. Such offenders are generally __________ , socially and sexually ___________.
____________type of offender- is the opposite, unplanned crime random selection of victim and sexual acts are performed after death on the body.
Top down approach
Profiling inputs - include a description of the crime scene background information about the victim and details of the crime itself.
Decision process models - profiler starts to organise data into meaningful patterns like murder type, time factor and location factors.
Crime assessment- organised type of offender- the crime tends to be planned and the victim is specifically targeted. Weapon hidden and violent fantasies may have been acted out. Such offenders are generally intelligent , socially and sexually competent.
Disorganised type of offender- is the opposite, unplanned crime random selection of victim and sexual acts are performed after death on the body.
Criminal _________ - profile is constructed that includes __________ about their likely background habit and beliefs of the offender.
A written report is given to the investigating _______ a persons matching the profile are evaluated.
Is a suspect if apprehended, the entire- profile-generating process is reviewed to check that at each stage conclusion were __________.
Criminal profile - profile is constructed that includes hypothesis about their likely background habit and beliefs of the offender.
A written report is given to the investigating agency a persons matching the profile are evaluated.
Is a suspect if apprehended, the entire- profile-generating process is reviewed to check that at each stage conclusion were legitimate.
The ______data on which the organised and disorganised classification is based may be flawed. The data came from interviews with _____ of the most dangerous and sexually motivated murderers including Ted Bundy Charles ________. This in itself is dubious, as such individuals who are highly __________ are not likely to be the best source of reliable information. In addition, their approach and rationale may be quite different to more _________ offenders. Suggesting the approach is not generalisable.
The original data on which the organised and disorganised classification is based may be flawed. The data came from interviews with 36 of the most dangerous and sexually motivated murderers including Ted Bundy Charles Manson. This in itself is dubious, as such individuals who are highly manipulative are not likely to be the best source of reliable information. In addition, their approach and rationale may be quite different to more typical offenders. Suggesting the approach is not generalisable.
Police who have used FBI methods believe the top down approach to offender profiling is useful. For example cops on questioned 184 Us police officers, of whom _____ said the technique was operationally useful and over _____ said they would use it again. This technique may not be useful in an actual __________ of the offender but Schere and Jarvis defend the use of top down processing by looking at other potential contributions beyond the identification of the offender. For example the approach offers investigators a different __________ opens new avenues for investigation and may prevent wrongful conviction.
Police who have used FBI methods believe the top down approach to offender profiling is useful. For example cops on questioned 184 Us police officers, of whom 82% said the technique was operationally useful and over 90% said they would use it again. This technique may not be useful in an actual identification of the offender but Schere and Jarvis defend the use of top down processing by looking at other potential contributions beyond the identification of the offender. For example the approach offers investigators a different perspective opens new avenues for investigation and may prevent wrongful conviction.
