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PSYC1001 > Forensic Psych > Flashcards

Forensic Psych Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diff <-> recall memory + recognition memory in eyewitness testimony?

A

recall= reporting details of smth previously witnessed
recognition= reporting whether smth said is the same as previously witnessed (evidence, suspect line up)

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2
Q

what is an estimated variable of eyewitness test. ?

A

present variables existing at the time of the crime which cannot be changed
e.g. lighting, distance, physical disguise, diff perceptions, race bias

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3
Q

what is flashbulb memory?

A

stress affects memory = even if memories are VIVID/strong, they can be inaccurate!

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4
Q

what is the yerkes-dodson law?

A

memory is the best at the OPTIMAL level of arousal
h/e law can’t be used to evaluate accuracy of memory

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5
Q

what is the easterbrook hypothesis? give an example of an effect

A

tunnel vision effect of memory = central details > peripheral memory
e.g. the weapons focussed effect= more focussed on weapon than the culprit

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6
Q

what are the system variables of eyewitness test?

A

variables within control of CJS

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7
Q

describe the ebbinghaus forgetting curve

A

the delay between an event that is witness -> giving testimony/statement can have an effect on its accuracy
- forgetting can occur rapidly INITIALLY

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8
Q

what is the misinfo effect?

A

exposure to incorrect info after event can affect accuracy of memory recall, e.g asking misleading Qs

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9
Q

what did elizabeth loftus 1995 conclude about false memories?

A

people can be implanted false memories using techniques like falsified photos, suggestive alternate memories.
Loftus believes that sometimes therapists implance false memories of CSA on patients

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10
Q

limitations of research on misinfo effect?

A

ethical issues w/ false memories, ecological validity, methodological issues, c

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11
Q

what are the divergents in a suspect line-up called?

A

foils/distractors

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12
Q

2 diff forms of suspect line-ups

A

target-present, target-absent

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13
Q

what type of evidence is a suspect line-up?

A

identification evidence

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14
Q

what are the fallbacks to ID evidence? also relate it to DNA evidence

A

can be highly inaccurate -> imprisoning innocent ppl
improper forensics

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15
Q

what are the system variables of ID evidence to be aware of?

A

ID procedures, composition, format, instructions for witnesses, lineup presentation

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of ID procedure?

A

show up= 1 person lineup, highly inaccurate
line-up= suspects lined up w foils

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17
Q

what are the diff formats of line-ups?

A

video, live, photos

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18
Q

what are the issues w/ photo lineups?

A

biases can occur if some people have a mugshot leading to the presumption of guilt, or unconscious transference if they’ve seen the face somewhere b4

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19
Q

what some line-up instructions given to eye witnesses?

A
  • told sus may/may not b present
  • double blinded; pol officer shouldn’t know who it is
  • sequential > simultaneous line up
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20
Q

why are sequential lineups considered better than simultaneous?

A

sequential relies on memory, simultaneous relies on relativeness
absolute > relative
although sequential line ups are less likely to ID anyone at all

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21
Q

how can eyewitness ID sway jurors?

A

they are swayed by perceived confidence over accurate confidence, respond to positive police reinforcement if someone is deemed the accurate suspect, + they are more likely to convict if there is eyewitness testimony

22
Q

define criminal profiling

A

(from FBI Agent) “A technique for identifying the major personality + behavioural characteristics of an indivd based upon analysis of the crimes he/she has committed”

23
Q

what is deductive criminal profiling?

A

method of profiling:
- profiling a culprit based on evidence left @ crime scene
- relies on logic (sometimes faulty!)

24
Q

outline in general terms what inductive crim profiling is

A

method of profiling
- based on what we know abt other solved cases + their culprits
- relies on the determination of the likeliness of the offender sharing the same background characteristics among others who’ve committed same crime

25
Q

what are the 3 diff types of inductive profiling?

A
  1. FBI approach: org/disorg crime scenes
  2. statistical approach
  3. geographic profiling
26
Q

identify what background characteristics of the culprit can be inferred from a org/disorg crime scene. what are its criticisms?

A

org = someone calculated, intelligent, follows the news, socially competent, skilled job
disorg = the opposite
criticism= distinctive binary doesn’t account for a mix of org/disorg features

27
Q

explain how the statistical approach to profiling works. what are some drawbacks?

A

revealing a typology after analysing data from solved crimes
cons: small sample size, relies on reported statistics

28
Q

explain the main features of geographic profiling

A
  • analysis of crime scene locations to discern the most probable area of offender’s residence;
  • assumes they don’t live too far from crime so they know blind spots, escape routes etc.
29
Q

what are the 3 ways to catch deception?

A

observe physiological responses, nonverbal behaviour, analyse content of what they say

30
Q

what physiological changes does a polygraph test measure?

A

blood pressure, heart rate, perspiration, sweat (GSR)

31
Q

Where are polygraph tests inadmissible in court? where are they mostly used?

A

inadmissible in UK, Aus, Europe
mostly used in USA

32
Q

outline what an irrelevant/relevant Q test is.

A

type of polygraph testing:
- asking I/R Q’s about the crime
- assumes guilty will be more stressed abt lying abt relevant Q
- but can implicate innocent people to -> false POSTIVE ERROR

33
Q

what is a CQT?

A

control/comparison Q test; polygraph testing
3 stages of Q: irrelevant, relevant, control

34
Q

how many phases in a CQT? what are they?

A
  2. discussing, forming Q’s w suspect. told to lie in irrelevant test to get a baseline for their lying
  3. simulation test to convince that the test is real (fear)
  4. repeating Q’s
  5. scoring using either global approach/ numerical approach
35
Q

criticisms of CQT?

A
  • difficulty forming control Q
  • scoring not quantified
  • ethical issues
36
Q

outline the features of the GKT

A

Guilty knowledge/concealed knowledge test; polygraph test
- asks sus multiple choice Q about something that only the criminal would know

37
Q

precautions for those administering GKT?

A

must be double blinded

38
Q

precautions for those administering GKT?

A

must be double blinded

39
Q

issues w GKT?

A

might not be applicable to real-life, as it uses info ONLY known to culprit. relies on info not being leaked already, also relies on the fact that the culprit actually remembers what happened (what if they blacked out)

40
Q

Accuracy of polygraphy tests?

A
  • relatively high false positives = innocent ppl deemed as liars
  • less accurate at ID guilty culprits = false negative
41
Q

what is the function of a control Q in a CQT?

A

they are Q’s that are relevant to a long period of time, designed to invoke anxiety in both innocent/guilty.
e.g. before age of 25, did u ever threaten to beat anyone?
- BASELINE FROM IRRELEVANT Q = determine

42
Q

what r the 3 gen stages of the model of interrogation?

A
  1. gather evidence
  2. Conduct non-accusatorial interview to assess deception/guilty
  3. Conduct accusatorial interrogation to obtain confession (when they believe the suspect is guilty)
43
Q

what are the reasons for max/minimisation in the interrogation stage?

A

min = emphasise positive consequences of admitting guilt
max = emphasise negative “ “

44
Q

what are some criticisms of the 9 stages of interrogation?

A

confirmation bias, unethical; deceptive= slippery slope for police to lie in trial, boomerang effect (they wanna resist more), too much trust in police,
FALSE CONFESSIONS

45
Q

what are the 3 types of false confessions?

A

voluntary- desire to be punished, notoriety, protecting some1
coerced compliant- desire to escape further interrogation, avoid further punishment, gain reward/ immunity
coerced internalised- psych warfare by implanting memories, suggestive Qs

46
Q

what are the characteristics of someone who is compliant, or suggestible?

A

C= complies w authority, S= internalises info communicated during Q

47
Q

what is the general idea of the NSW PEACE interrogation model?

A

more investigative than interrogative, to gather knowledge rather than obtain.

48
Q

what is SUE?

A

strategic use of evidence
- late disclosure of evidence after they give their acc

49
Q

what do we do in Aus to prevent false confessions>

A

ERIS - recording suspect interviews to ensure confession was voluntary

50
Q

what is jury nullification

A

where juries may ignore the law, render verdict based on other criterion

51
Q

what are the diff ways of excluding potential jurors during jury selection?

A
  • pre-emptory challenges; limited # of people u can exclude w/o reason
  • challenge for cause; valid reason/suspicion, unlimited #

PSYC1001 (4 decks)

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