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Introduction To Forensic Science > Forensic Fundamentals > Flashcards

Forensic Fundamentals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of Forensic science ?

A

Any science that is applied to a crime scene and court proceedings

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2
Q

Name different types of forensic specialists.

A
  • DNA analysis
    -Fingerprint analysis
    -Blood splatter analysis
    -Firearms/Ballistics
    -Trace evidence
    -Drugs/Toxicology
    -Documents examination
    -Tool marks
    -Footwear evidence
    -Forensic pathology
    -Fires and explosions
    -Forensic biology
    -Forensic archeology
    -Forensic anthropology
    -Forensic odontology
    -Forensic entomology
    -Digital forensics
    Forensic engineering
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3
Q

What is the definition of a crime?

A

Defined as the breaking of legal (state) norms/rules

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4
Q

What are the three possible outcomes to a criminal offense?

A
  1. Go undetected
  2. Be detected but not reported
  3. Come to the attention of the police
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5
Q

What does the number of crimes reported to the police depend on?

A
  1. Whether the victim or representation of the victim brings the crime to the attention of the police
  2. The crime comes to the attention of the police through some other means
  3. Whether the incident is determined as being recordable within the categories laid down by the home office in the official counting rule
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6
Q

What are the main categories of the Home Office counting rule?

A

-Violence against a person
-sexual offense
-robbery
-burglary
-vehicle offences
-theft
-arson and criminal damage
-drug offense
-possession of a weapon
-public order offenses
-fraud offenses
-miscellaneous offenses against society

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of offenses?

A

Indictable, either way and summary offenses

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8
Q

What is an indictable offense ?

A

Most serious such as murder, rape, robbery, manslaughter and GBH with intent.
Tried in the crown court and have the highest penalties upon conviction

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9
Q

What is a summary offense?

A

Least serious offenses such as driving offenses which are tried in the magistrate court and penalties include points, fines and short term imprisonment

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10
Q

What is an either way offense?

A

Medium seriousness such as theft, assault and burglary. Tried in either magistrates or crown and penalties vary depending on the crime.

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11
Q

Who decides where an either way offense is tried?

A

Magistrates court

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12
Q

What are the 3 ways to place a suspect before court?

A
  • eyewitness evidence
  • confession evidence
    -forensic evidence (either an oral testimony or submission of an expert statement)
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13
Q

What are the 3 jurisdictions in the legal system of the UK?

A

-England and Wales
-Scotland
-Northern Ireland

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14
Q

Who is responsible for the administration of criminal, civil and family courts and tribunals in England and Wales?

A

HM Courts and Tribunals Service

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15
Q

Who are the Crown Prosecution service (CPS)?

A

The principal public agency responsible for the prosecution of criminal offenses in England and Wales.

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16
Q

How are decisions made in the CPS?

A

Decisions are made independently of the police and government as they have a duty to make sure the right person is prosecuted for the right offense and to bring offenders to justice wherever possible.

17
Q

What happens if the CPS decide to progress the case?

A

-Prosecution solicitors and barristers are arranged
-Arranges for prosecution witness to attend court
-Arrangements for court proceedings begin

18
Q

What is the criminal justice system based upon ?

A

Adversarial justice
- the prosecution must prove that the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt
-it’s the role of the defense lawyer to challenge the evidence put forward by the prosecution

19
Q

What is the 6Ws strategy?

A
  1. What happened?
  2. Where did it take place?
  3. How did it happen?
  4. Who was involved?
  5. When did it happen (at what time, in what sequence)?
  6. Why did it happen?
20
Q

What are the steps of crime scene examination

A
  1. Control
  2. Preserve
    3.record
    4.recover
    5.reconstruct
21
Q

What are the stages of forensic science?

A
  1. Recovery and continuity of evidence from the crime scene
  2. The forensic examination of evidence recovered from the crime scene
  3. The interpretation, evaluation and prevention of evidence/test results in court
22
Q

What is the management structure used in serious crimes?

A
  1. Incident occurs
  2. Incident reported/ initial contact
  3. Initial police assessments
  4. First officer attendance
  5. Request for crime scene examination
  6. Crime scene examiner attendance
23
Q

What is the role of the crime desk?

A

-receives the report of the crime from the public
-Assigns the first officer attending
-Later an investigating officer will also be appointed to oversee the case
-The crime desk may also make the decision to send a SOCO to the scene

24
Q

First Attending officer (FAO)

A
  • Assess the scene and asks for assistance as necessary
  • Decision will be made whether to send a SOCO
  • FOA acts as the officer in charge until IO is appointed
25
Q

What does the FAO have a duty of?

A

-initial assessment
-Deal with emergencies
-Call for assistance
-Preserve the scene and secure evidence
-Record assessements and actions
-Communicate actions
Communicate info to members of the public directly involved

26
Q

Investigating Officer (IO)

A
  • The IO oversees and co-ordinates the case.
  • Will take over the case from the FOA
  • The IO will be sent the reports of the findings of any analysis of physical evidence collected at the scene
27
Q

Scenes of crime officer (SOCO)

A

-Collects physical evidence from the crime scene
-Send evidence for further analysis if needed, via the forces’ submission system for analysis by a forensic lab.

28
Q

The role of the SOCO

A

-preservation
- recording
-systematic log of all actions
-systematic search and recovery
-packaging and labeling
-storage
-subjection for forensic examination

29
Q

What is the role of the crime scene manager?

A
  • Scene walkthrough- common approach pathway
  • Scene safety- place more wardens or officers
  • Securing the scene
  • Ensure scene integrity
  • Chain of custody

Introduction To Forensic Science (3 decks)

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