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year 2 > Forensic > Flashcards

Forensic Flashcards

1
Q

Offender profiling

A

It is used to identify the characteristics of a criminal and narrow down the list of possible suspects

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2
Q

top down approach

A

starts with pre-defined criminals, based on experience, works out which of these profile the criminal fits into. This approach is commonly used in America and is based on the profile of 36 serial sex offenders

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3
Q

Bottom up approach

A

starts with the criminals characteristics and develops the profile based on that. This approach was deviced by canter and is typically used by the British

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4
Q

Investigative psychology

A

Use of scientific psychology and psychological theory to solve crimes and identify criminals

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5
Q

Interpersonal coherence

A

the way a criminal behaves when they are commiting a crime will be consistent with how they behave in everyday life

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6
Q

geographical profiling

A

the use of statistical analysis to make inferences about the offenders geographical location (known as crime mapping)

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7
Q

circle hypothesis

A

serial offenders carry out their crimes within a geographical circle. Predicts that the offenders home will be within this circle

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8
Q

atavistic form

A

when an ancestral genetic trait that has disappeared reappears. This is coined by lombroso who proposed that criminals are biologically different from modern human as they have more in common with prehuman species than normal humans do.

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9
Q

MAOA-L gene

A

linked with aggressive behaviour which is in turn linked with criminal behaviour. The MAOA-L gene affects how neurotransmitters such as serotonin are processed.

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10
Q

diathesis stress model

A

A tendency towards criminal behaviour may come through the combination of genetic predisposition and biological or psychological trigger

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11
Q

anti social personality disorder

A

reduced emotional responses and a lack of empathy for the feelings of others

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12
Q

mirror neurons

A

criminals with APD can experience empathy but do so more sporadically than the rest of us. Keyers found that when criminals were asked to emphasis their empathy reaction activated which suggests APD are not totally without empathy but have a neural switch that can be turned on and off, unlike the normal brain which has the empathy switch permanently on

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13
Q

Eysenck’s theory of criminal personality

A

criminal personality is biologically based and personality traits including dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism can be measured using a personality questionnaire

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14
Q

highly extroverted person

A

more likely to commit crime because they are more likely to take risks and act impulsively.

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15
Q

highly neurotic person

A

feels negative emotions more strongly which increases the likelihood of them commiting a criminal act in the heat of the moment

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16
Q

highly psychotic person

A

more likely to commit crimes because they are not put off by the feelings of guilt or empathy for potential victim

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17
Q

kohlberg’s cognitive explanation

A

proposed that moral development- I.e. the ability to think about what is right or wrong occurs in 3 stages. pre-conventional, conventional, post conventional morality

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18
Q

pre-conventional morality

A

actions are chosen according to self interest
(e.g if i don’t get caught/punished it’s ok to steal)

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19
Q

conventional morality

A

actions are chosen according to wider societal interest (I shouldn’t steal because its against the law to steal and my family would look down on me)

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20
Q

post conventional morality

A

actions are chosen according to abstract moral principles

Even though its against the law, its OK to steal in situations where stealing results in a greater good

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21
Q

cognitive distortions

A

consistent deviations from rational thought that cause people to perceive things inaccurately

22
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

tending to misinterpret people’s actions as in some way hostile or negative

23
Q

minimilisation

A

a person downplays how bad their criminal behaviour really is. This may involve justifications that reduce the offenders sense of guilt

24
Q

differential association theory

A

we learn criminal behaviour through associating with other criminals (operant and classical conditioning) and being exposed to pro-criminal attitudes and adopting these values as our own

25
Q

observational learning in differential association theory

A

the normal and values demonstrated by influential role models can affect aspirations and expectations of those who identify with them and are a powerful influence on behaviour as is vicarious reinforcement especially within a peer group

26
Q

psychodynamic explanations

A

explains criminal behaviour as the result of unconscious conflicts with different parts of the mind. Behaviour is the result of past experiences

27
Q

id

A

the unconscious mind which drives instinctively and primal behaviour (aggression and sexual behaviours)

28
Q

superego

A

both unconscious and conscious parts of the mind. Involves moral reasoning and is what makes us feel guilty

29
Q

weak superego

A

develop if the same sex parent is absent during the phallic stage of psycho-sexual development. This would mean that we would fail to internalise the moral values of the same sex parents

30
Q

deviant superego

A

develops if the child internalises the morals of a criminal or deviant same sex parent

31
Q

overharsh superego

A

May develop if the same sex parent is overly harsh. This may mean an individual is crippled by guilt and anxiety and commits a crime in order to satisfy the superegos need for punishment

32
Q

bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis

A

maternal deprivation causes difficulties in forming attachments in life as well as a negative view of the world. this manifests in emotional problems such as aggression and depression which increases the likelihood of criminal behaviour

33
Q

custodial sentencing

A

sentencing an offender to spend time in prison

34
Q

recidivism

A

a convicted criminal who reoffends usually repeatedly

35
Q

retribution

A

about justice and fairness. a sense that the offender should be punished and suffer for the harm they’ve caused the victim

36
Q

rehabilitation

A

a person trying to transform their life

37
Q

deterrence

A

seeing that the criminal behaviour results in prison time deters the general public too as they will want to avoid going to prison

38
Q

incapacitation

A

imprisoning an offender protects the public from them commiting further crimes

39
Q

institutionalism

A

adapted to prison life, offenders are no longer able to function on the outside.

Increases the likelihood of recidivism because the offender may commit crimes in order to return to normal life

40
Q

stress and depression

A

the stress of the prison experience also increases the risk of psychological disturbance following release

41
Q

prisonisation

A

behaviour that may be considered unacceptable in the outside world may be encouraged and rewarded in the institution

42
Q

the problem of recidivism

A

Ministry of justice 2013- 57% of UK offenders will reoffend within a year of release.

The UK alongside the US has some of the highest rates in the world

43
Q

behaviour modification

A

uses the behaviourist principles of operant conditioning to encourage good behaviour and discourage criminal behaviour while in prison

44
Q

token economy

A

a system of rewards based on the principles of operant conditioning. The concept is to modify behaviour and promote good behaviour by providing tokens

45
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

derive their value from their association with a reward

46
Q

cognitive behavioural therapy

A

teaches offenders to recognise the thoughts that make them lose control, and then encourage them to develop techniques which bring about conflict resolution without the need for violence

47
Q

cognitive preparation

A

the therapist will help the offender reflect back on the times when they have been angry in the past and identity potential triggers that make them angry

48
Q

skill acquisition

A

the therapist teaches the offender skills to help manage anger in anger-inducing situations

49
Q

application practice

A

the therapist and the offender practice using the newly learned skills in situations that may require them

50
Q

restorative justice

A

a process of managed collaboration between offender and victim based on the related principles of healing and empowerment
They are about getting the offender to recognise the consequences of their actions and make amends to their victim

year 2 (4 decks)

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