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year 2 > eating behaviour > Flashcards

eating behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

evolutionary explanations for eating behaviour

A

the process by which species adapt to their environment. over many years, mutations in genes that are advantageous to animal become more widespread among the species. evolution would mean genes that help humans identify and eat healthy, safe, and nutritious food will become more common

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2
Q

preference for sweetness

A

reliable signal of high energy food
Babies can distinguish between different sugars
Links to evolution as fructose is a fast acting sugar providing energy quickly

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3
Q

preference for salt

A

salts are essential for many cell functions and hydration in animals
salt preference is thought to be innate. A preference appears in humans at around 4 months of age

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4
Q

preference for fat

A

2x as many calories as the equivalent amount of protein or carb, so a taste preference for fat is the most efficient route to energy consumption

Fat appears to palatability (making food taste pleasant) and appeals to our senses

High in calories would have provided energy important for survival

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5
Q

avoidance of bitter/sour foods

A

May be toxic.
Ensures survival to reproduce so aversions are bred into the population

Compounds such as PROP that taste bitter to some people

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6
Q

neophobia

A

the phobia of new foods we haven’t tried before.

Pronounced in childhood, between age 2 and 6

We overcome neophobia via learning

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7
Q

taste aversion

A

an innate pre-disposition to learn to avoid potentially toxic foods as signalled through bitter or sour taste

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8
Q

biological preparedness

A

proposed by Seligman that humans are genetically prepared to rapidly learn avoidance and taste aversions of harmful food

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9
Q

classical conditioning

A

flavour-flavour learning.

We develop a preference for a new food because of its association with a flavour we already like

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10
Q

operant conditioning

A

children are directly reinforced for their food preferences mainly by parents or older siblings.

Provide rewards for eating foods or punishing

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11
Q

social influences

A

acquires the food preferences of role models they observe eating certain foods.

The models are rewarded, someone the child identifies with, vicarious reinforcement

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12
Q

Cultural influences

A

Rozin- cultural influences are the single most reliable prefictor of food preferences, especially family eating patterns.

We learn the cultural roles of preference early and these are powerful enough to overcome innate aversions

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13
Q

hypothalamus

A

the main section of the brain, responsible for maintaining homeostasis within the body and controls body temperature, sleep and hunger

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14
Q

the dual centre model of eating

A

there are two structures of the hypothalamus that have opposite effects, providing the homeostatic control

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15
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

responsible for making you feel hungry and start eating. when glucose levels fall the LH switches on

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16
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

known as the satiety centre it is responsible for making you feel full and stop eating

glucose levels are detected by VMH and LH activity is inhibited

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17
Q

the process of dual centre model

A
  1. when blood sugar is low, the liver sends signals to the lateral hypothalamus
  2. This causes neurons to fire that make you feel hungry and start eating
  3. Then when you eat, glucose is released into the blood which is detected by the ventromedial hypothalamus
  4. This causes neurons to fire that make you feel satiated
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18
Q

ghrelin

A

a hormone that makes you feel hungry. Secreted by the stomach into the bloodstream which is detected by the hypothalamus.

Once you feel full, the stomach stops releasing ghrelin and you no longer feel hunger

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19
Q

leptin

A

a hormone that makes you feel full, secreted by fat cells into the bloodstream which signals to the hypothalamus that glucose is high and you don’t need to eat.

If you don’t eat for a while the body uses these fat deposits for energy so those fat cells no longer exist to produce leptin

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20
Q

genetics

A

the genetic explanation of anorexia looks at hereditary factors i.e. genes inherited from parents that contribute to the development of anorexia

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21
Q

neural explanations

A

looks at differences in the brain structures and neurochemistry of people with anorexia specifically setotonin and dopamine

22
Q

serotonin

A

involved in many behaviours: appetite reduction and obsessiveness.

Bailer and Kaye found that low levels of serotonin breakdown byproducts in people with AN

23
Q

dopamine

A

findings are inconsistent.

Research levels show that decreased dopamine levels are associated with AN

homovanillic acid is decreased in AN patients

24
Q

family systems theory

A

minunchin proposed characteristics of a psychosomatic family which lead to lack of autonomy and control, so the child exercises the only possible choice of what to eat

25
Q

enmeshment

A

families are over-involved, interdependent, no clear emotional boundaries and they have an inhibited sense of individuality

26
Q

overprotective

A

family members protect each other, reinforce family loyalty, parents see their role as a sacrifice

27
Q

conflict avoidance

A

family members suppress conflict, differences of opinions are not discussed

28
Q

rigidity

A

interactions are inflexible, denial of need to change

29
Q

social learning theory

A

explains anorexia as learned behaviour from observation and imitation of role models. People imitate the behaviours of role models they identify with and these behaviours may be reinforced vicariously i.e. by seeing the role model be praised and rewarded for that behaviour

30
Q

dittmar study

A

influence of barbie- a common model of thinness

31
Q

cognitive explanations

A

explain the disorder as a result of abnormal cognitions about body shape and weight. These abnormal cognitions take the form of distortions and irrational beliefs

32
Q

distortions

A

all clinical features of AN stem from distortion including preoccupations with thoughts of eating, weight and body shape and behaviors such as food restriction.

33
Q

irrational beliefs

A

people with AN often express irrational beliefs and attitudes about their disorder that defy logical and rational sense

34
Q

Autonomic negative thoughts

A

Beck
all or nothing thinking: ‘If I don’t control my weight, I’m worthless’
catastrophising: putting the worst possible gloss on the least important events ‘I ate half a biscuit today, I’ve got no willpower’

35
Q

perfectionism

A

the view that an individual has to meet their most demanding standards of all time and failure to do so is judged severely

36
Q

cognitive inflexibility

A

people with AN lack cognitive flexibility.
People with AN experience problems with set shifting as they find it difficult to switch fluently from one task to another requiring a different set of cognitive skills

37
Q

biological explanations for obesity

A

look at the role of genetic and neural factors (such as brain structure and neurotransmitter activity)

38
Q

neural explanations for obesity

A

focus on neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, particularly in terms of their role in brains reward system

39
Q

serotonin in obesity

A

associated with low levels of serotonin.
Normal levels of serotonin regulate feeding behaviour by inhibiting the activity of various sites in the hypothalamus. It is serotonin that signals we have eaten to satiety

40
Q

dopamine

A

has a crucial role in the brains reward and motivation systems.

Overeating is an attempt to activate reward centees in the brain that provide feelings of pleasure, by increasing dopmaine levels

41
Q

restraint theory

A

Herman and Polivy
A cognitive explanation for obesity which argues that obesity is the paradoxical outcomes of attempts to restrain eating.

It is counterproductive and ultimately self defeating

42
Q

cognitive control

A

restrained eaters set strict limits on their food intake creating rules about which foods are allowed and which are forbidden

43
Q

disinhibition

A

refers to the loss of control over the food we consume

44
Q

disinhibited cues

A

restrained eaters are vulnerable to internal and external food related cues such as mood (internal) and smells or mood images (external)

This leads to unrestricted eating which may amount to binge

45
Q

the boundary model

A

Herman and Polivy
sought to explain the impact of restrained eating and disinhibition in their boundary model of obesity. According to this model people have biologically set boundaries of food intake

46
Q

minimum level

A

falls below the minimum level- the person feels the aversive feelings of hunger that motivates them to eat

47
Q

maximum level

A

exceeding the maximum level- causes the aversive feelings of being too full

48
Q

zone of biological indifference

A

a person’s biology feels satisfied. A person then consumes food within this zone for psychological reasons

49
Q

spiral model

A

Heatherton and Polivy
Indicates that dieting is motivated by comparison to ideal self, which leads to body dissatisfaction and dieting to achieve one’s ideal physique.
Positive outcomes initially reinforce dieting behaviour but eventually dieting leads to psychological and physiological changes that make it harder for dieters to lose weight

50
Q

neural implications of the spiral model

A

ghrelin levels increase and leptin levels decrease after significant weight loss.
The result is further failure followed by repeated attempts to diet harder and a lowering of self esteem and incresse in depression over time

51
Q

ironic process theory

A

Wegner
trying to suppress a thought is to make it more likely. i.e. when dieters label certain foods as forbidden they think about these foods precisely because they’re trying not to

year 2 (4 decks)

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