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Forensic Flashcards

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1
Q

Who proposed Differential association theory

A

Sutherland

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2
Q

What does Differential association theory suggest about offending

A

“factors that contribute to crime should always be present”- use of scientific values to predict crime

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3
Q

What are the 3 key parts to Differential association theory

A

Crime is learnt
Pro Criminal attitudes
Learning criminal acts

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4
Q

State one strength of differential association theory

A

It caused a shift of focus to more scientific reasons for offending- moving away from Lombrossos atavistic theory- suggests environment. More realistic solution instead of eugenics - bio solution

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5
Q

state one weakness of differential association theory

A

Difficulty of testing- although said scientific/ predicted. Hard to see number of pro criminal attitudes exposed to- can not measure so can not see when crime occurs.

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6
Q

what is explanatory power in terms of differential association theory

A

It is an evaluation strength that states it can account for all crimes as it recognises that some crimes are clustered in some places. Some prevelant in affluent groups such as “white colour crimes” which share same norms/ values which are deviant

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7
Q

How and who devised psychodynamic approach explain offending behaviour

A

Blackburn - Inadequate super ego can be weak, deviant or over harsh

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8
Q

how does weak/ underdeveloped super ego cause offending

A

Same sex parent is absent during phallic stage. Child can not internalise full formed super ego as no opportunity for identification. ID Takes over no morality

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9
Q

How does deviant super ego affect offending behaviour

A

Child internalises immortal or deviant values, does not see it as wrong so no guilt

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10
Q

how does over harsh/ over developed super ego affect offending behaviour

A

internalise super ego due to strict same sex parent- crippled by guilt leading to harsh super ego. ID acts on impulse as major anxiety. Unconsciously want to be caught to satisfy super ego need for punishment

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11
Q

how does Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation explain offending

A

Abuse on early childhood results in affection less psychopathy- lack of feeling/ guilt

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12
Q

how does the 44 thieves study support offending behaviour

A

32% had affectionless psychopathy
1/2 had lack of parent in critical period
12/14 had parental separation

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13
Q

What is a limitation of the psychodynamic approach regarding gender

A

The approach is Androcentric, Freud saw women as inferior- stated that they had under developed super ego. This means they should offend more which isn’t the case- can not be generalised

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14
Q

Name one limitation in of psychodynamic approach

A

Unconscious concepts, lack of falsifiability. Can not use scientific concepts to test this. Popper- Puedoscuence

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15
Q

What is contradictory evidence in relation to psychodynamic approach to offending

A

Little evidence children wout same sec parent commit crime. Contridicting weak super ego.
Similarly if raised with parents that show pro criminal attitudes could be due to socialisation not deviant super ego.

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16
Q

Who proposed cognitive explanations of offending, What was he the first to do?

A

Kohlberg- first to look into moral reasoning causing offendinb

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17
Q

How did Kohlberg come to this conclusion

A

He used the Hienz dilema on group of violent youths and found they had lower moral development than non violent groups

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18
Q

what level are offenders more likely to be classified at?

A

Preconvential morality-
1. Punishment orientation
2. Instrumental punishment

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19
Q

what is conventional level of morality

A

stage 3- good boy or good girl
stage 4- maintenance of social order

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20
Q

what stages of post conventional morality

A

stage 5- morality of contract and individual right
Stage 6- morality of conscience

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21
Q

what is a strength of the cognitive approach to offending?

A

Level of moral reasoning evidence - Palmer and Hollin (1998) compared 332 female non offenders paired with 126 offenders answered 11 moral dilemma questions. Non delinquent group showed less mature moral reasoning than non delinquent

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22
Q

What is a strength of Kohlbergs theory

A

Application of research- cognitive distortions has been beneficial in treatment of criminals. Rehabilitation of sex offenders is CBT- face up to what they have done and is less distorted view of what they have done.

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23
Q

Name one limitation of anger management

A

Blackburn et al critiques that it may not reduce reoffending (recivdism) not applicable to real life due to role play

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24
Q

what are the 4 parts of custodial sentencing

A

deterrence
retribution
rehabilitation
incapacitation

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25
Q

what is deterrence

A

Designed to put off individual, send general message crime is not acceptable. Punishment

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26
Q

what is incapacitation

A

Offender taken out of society to protect public

27
Q

what is retribution

A

society making criminal suffer based on seriousness of crime- paid for crime

28
Q

what is a limitation of custodial sentencing

A

Individual differences doesn’t account for sentencng times, challening can not account for the same crime. And recidivism rates show this doesnt really work.

29
Q

what is a strength of custodial sentencing

A

Opportunities for treatment and training increase recidivism- however, they have to want to participate. Angermanagment

30
Q

what does Eyesneck say?

A

Personality traits are biological and come through nervous system we inherit

31
Q

what is the criminal personality

A

High levels of neurotic- extravert and psychoticism

32
Q

how is criminal personality measured

A

he developed the EPI, which measures the E and N

33
Q

how is socialisation involved in Eysenecks theory

A

Children seek immediate gratification as they are developmentally immature. Harder to condition as high E and N scores

34
Q

one criticism of Eysnecks theory

A

Offending behaviour is explained by single personality type- Dig-mans five factor model suggest other factors are considered.

35
Q

name one strength of Eysnecks theory

A

Biological basis- recognised genetic may have to do with offending. Research with APD with raine that suggests over lap with genetic

36
Q

what is interpersonal coherence in relation to bottom up approach

A

way offender behaves at a crime scene

37
Q

what is the maurader?

A

operates close proximity to crime

38
Q

what are the 4 steps to constructing offender profiles?

A

data assimilation
crime scene classification
crime reconstruction
profile generation

39
Q

What causes obessive thoughts

A

Serotonin being remove to quickly from the synapse before it has transmitted signal to post synaptic cell

40
Q

What happens to the nureotransmitters to cause OCD.

A

they detach from receptors or post synaptic nueron but this happens way too quickly and are ‘reputaken’ this leads to reduced serotonin levels.

41
Q

Basil gan…

What nueral structures are linked to OCD.

A

Basal gania, usually filters out small worries but area is hyper active so smaller worries get into thalamus, passed on to form obsessions.

42
Q

What is offender profiling?

A

The idea you can make assumptions about characteristics of an offender by careful analysis of crimes they commit aand evidence at the crime scene.

43
Q

How does the top down approach work?

A

Top down appraoch is american it works by creating pre- existing catagories of offending types- orgainised/ disorganised use evidence to classify characterstics to generate a profile

44
Q

What is the bottom up approach

A

Better known as Investigative psychology, statistical anaylsis occurs from evidence left at crime scenes to compare to similar crimes.

45
Q

top down approach

What are the four stages of constructing a profile

A
  1. data assmilisation
  2. crime scene classification
  3. crime scene reconstruction
  4. profile generation
46
Q

What is 3 evaluation points of the top down approach

A
  1. can not apply, only used for serious crimes
  2. Evidence does not support disorganised killer, canter studied 100 murders couldnt find one disorganised killer
  3. Based on outdates models of personality, alison et al driven by dispostional factors not external factors. Suggests that all criminal acts stay the same
47
Q

What is rehabilitation?

A

Learn new skills, behaviour

48
Q

What is the psychological effects of dealing w offending behaviour?

A

Depression, institutionalisation and Prisonation.

49
Q

What is prisonisation?

A

Prisioners adpot an inmate code which may be considered unacceptable outside prision

50
Q

What is institutionalisation?

A

Adapt to prision life to struggle to readjust

51
Q

What is the 3 stages to Anger managment

A

Cognitive preparations
Skill aquisition
Real world application

52
Q

What are 2 strengths of Anger managment

A

-Eceltric approach
-Comparison to Behavioural modification: tries to tackle long term effects as opposed to temporary change in behaviour

53
Q

What is a limitation of anger managment

A

Blackburn proposes there is no evidence of recidivism

54
Q

What are some key details of RJ

A

Use of any location not just court
Offer a service, money/ fixing depending on what the crime is
focus on needs of victim
The restroative justice council

55
Q

What are 2 strengths of RJ

A

-Diversity of programme- tailered to individual
-Cheaper compared to custodial sentencing- 1 pound on RJ saved 8 pound on custodial

56
Q

What is two weaknesses of RJ

A

-Relies on offender sharing remorse
-Expensive- professionals cost

57
Q

When Bottom up approach for offending is mentioned what should be talked ab

A

-English- investigative psychology, uses evidence from the crime scene create a data base.
-Geographical profiling- maurader / commuter
-see if spatial behaviour reveals mental maps

58
Q

method

What is one strength of the bottom up approach?

A

Argue that bottom up is more scientific than top down approach, less grounded in speculation. Use of AI allows investigators to see patterns quickly w geographical location to uncover the criminal.- allow easy use of evidence in court

59
Q

What is supportive evidence of Investigative psychology

A

Canter and Heritage 1990 content analysis of 66 sexual assualt cases. Examinned using statistcal technique- computer that identifies correlations across behaviour patterns. identified several characteristics which occurs in patterns in different individuals. This can lead to understanding of how offenders behaviour may change over series of offences or establishing whether offences commited by the same person.

60
Q

What is supportive evidence of geographical profiling

A

Lundrigan and Canter 2001 collated 120 murder cases involving serial killers in USA. Computer analysis revealed spacial consistency- created a centre of gravity surround one space. Effect more noticable for marauders. Support determining of where.

61
Q

What key word is associated w top down approach

A

Generate hypothesis
Pre established typologies

62
Q

What is a limitation of the top down approach?

A
  • Based on outdated rules of personality: suggests that all behaviour remains the same within many contexts/ consistent. Statis model is naive in representing and classifying crimes and may miss over lap. This decreases validity
63
Q

What is contridictory evidence about disorganised and organised criminals

A

Canter used smallest space- computer- to analyse data from 100 murders in the USA. 39 characteristics of organised/ disorginsed. Found a clear organised tyoe not disorganised. Reduces internal validity.

Psychology (4 decks)

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