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tudors; henry viii > foreign relations and securing the succession > Flashcards

foreign relations and securing the succession Flashcards

1
Q

What did some of Henry’s councillors seek out of foreign countries?

A

A continuation of peace, negotiating the renewal of the Treaty of Etaples in 1510.

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2
Q

What did Henry send Christopher Bainbridge, Archbishop of York, to do?

A

He sent him to Rome to persuade the Pope, Julius II, to enter an alliance against the French.

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3
Q

What was the Holy League?

A

An anti-French alliance between England, Spain, the HRE, Venice and the Papacy.

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4
Q

How did Ferdinand of Aragon use Henry in 1512?

A

Henry sent a substantial army of 10,000 men to southwest France under the command of the Marquis of Dorset.

However, Ferdinand used this as a diversionary tactic to successfully conquer Navarre.

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5
Q

What did Henry do in 1513?

A

Led a force to northeastern France. This was successful in winning the ‘Battle of the Spurs’ (not much of a win but was claimed in propaganda to be a stunning victory).

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6
Q

What French towns did Henry capture in 1513?

A

Therouanne and Tournai.

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7
Q

What Battle was in September 1513?

A

The Battle of Flodden, against the Scottish.

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8
Q

What happened in the Battle of Flodden?

A

King James IV of Scotland had crossed the border with a substantial force, but was defeated by a small English army that had hurriedly been put together and led by the Earl of Surrey.

James IV was killed in battle, along with much of the Scottish nobility, leaving infant James V to the throne.

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9
Q

What did Henry do to gain on his victory at Flodden?

A

He did little to nothing to better his advantage that he had, nothing was gained from his military adventures in 1513.

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10
Q

What were some consequences of Henry’s futile military regime in 1513?

A
  • The war was very costly and Henry was forced to liquidate assets inherited from his father to pay for it
  • There were rumblings about taxation in Yorkshire, narrowly failing to turn into a full revolt
  • The renegotiated French pension was lost
  • Tournai was eventually sold back to the French for rather less that the English had paid to repair its defences after the siege
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11
Q

What 3 points can be made about the basis of foreign policy between 1514 and 1526?

A
  • England remained a relatively minor power and could not compete with that of France and Spain
  • Henry overestimated the significance of England’s power
  • The ‘auld alliance’ between France and Scotland remained strong, therefore meaning that if England had problems with France, they were on rocky ground with Scotland too
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12
Q

What were the consequences of Henry running out of money to fund foreign policy by the end of 1514?

A
  • He couldn’t exploit the weakness of Scotland following the death of James IV at Flodden
  • He was forced to seek peace with France, reinforcing this settlement by marrying his sister Mary to King Louis XII, this marriage didn’ last long though
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13
Q

When did Louis XII of France die?

A

January 1st 1515.

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14
Q

Who succeeded Louis XII of France?

A

Francis I.

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15
Q

What did Henry immediately see Francis I as?

A

A personal and political rival - Francis was a charismatic young king.

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16
Q

What did Henry do in response to Francis I coming to power but what problem arose?

A

Sought an alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon.

However, Ferdinand died the year after in 1516 and his successor, Charles V was quick to seek an alliance with the French.

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17
Q

Who came to power after Ferdinand of Aragon?

A

His grandson, Charles V.

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18
Q

What was the Treaty of Cambrai and what did it do to England?

A

It was a treaty between Charles and his grandfather HRE Maximilian, and the French in 1517.

It left England dangerously isolated.

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19
Q

Who was heir presumptive to the Scottish throne and why was this a problem for England?

A

The Duke of Albany, who was a member of the French nobility.

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20
Q

What did Henry and Wolsey see Albany as?

A

A French agent.

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21
Q

How was threat from Albany minimised?

A

There was a poisonous division between Albany and the Scottish nobility.

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22
Q

How did Wolsey end isolation for England in 1518?

A

He formed the Treaty of London, emerging as the leading diplomat in western Europe.

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23
Q

Why did Pope Leo X prompt Wolsey to create the Treaty of London?

A

He desired a united Christian front against what he saw as a threat of the Ottoman Turks.

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24
Q

What did the Treaty of London go on to become?

A

A treaty of perpetual peace, which was a non aggression pact agreed between England, Spain, France, Holy Roman Empire and many smaller states.

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25
Q

What title did Wolsey earn after developing the Treaty of London?

A

The Pope appointed him as papal legate as he’d fulfilled his desire of having a united Christian front.

26
Q

What did England agree to return to France after the Treaty of London and what did the French agree in return?

A

Tournai, and the French agreed to pay a pension to England in compensation for losing it. The French also agreed to keeping Albany out of Scotland in order to restore more peaceful relations.

27
Q

What year did Maximilian I die and who replaced him?

A

1519, and he was replaced by Charles V of Spain.

28
Q

What did England and France do in response to Charles V being appointed Holy Roman Emperor?

A

They held an extravagant and expensive diplomatic event, called the Field of the Cloth of Gold.

29
Q

When was the Field of the Cloth of Gold and what did it entail?

A

It was in June 1520, and it took place for two weeks. It was between Henry VIII and Francis I, in France but close to Calais which was in English control.
There was dining and entertainment, as well as lots of games played.

30
Q

How much did the Field of the Cloth of Gold cost Henry?

A

Around £15,000.

31
Q

Why did the Field of the Cloth of Gold lose attraction in Henry’s eyes?

A

He was beaten in a wrestling match by Francis I.

32
Q

What was achieved by the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A

There was nothing really achieve diplomatically as conflict had arose between Francis I and Charles V in 1521, where Wolsey negotiated the Treaty of Bruges with Charles.

Henry consequently invaded northern France in both 1522 and 1523.

33
Q

Why did Henry have compelling motives to side with Charles in 1521?

A
  • He could improve his relations with the Pope as he was desperate to reduce French control over northern Italy
  • He believed he’d gain more territory in France
  • A marriage alliance was created between Henry’s daughter Mary and Charles
34
Q

How did Henry show his lack of strategic awareness after the Battle of Pavia?

A

He showed it in the crass way he attempted to benefit from Charles’ crushing defeat of the French. He suggested that they launch a joint invasion of northern France in order to achieve territorial gains.

Charles did not agree due to Henry’s lack of contribution in the Battle of Pavia, and the Amicable Grant enforced in England showed there was a major lack of support for the English.

35
Q

What consequences came from Charles V refusing to invade northern France with Henry?

A
  • Henry’s ego was bruised as he was forced to back down
  • His resentment towards Charles was reinforced when Charles took back his marriage contract with Princess Mary
  • Wolsey’s image never recovered afterwards
36
Q

What was the Battle of Pavia?

A

It was a crucial moment in the recurring conflict of the Italian Wars which lasted from 1494-1559. It regularly involved conflict between France on one side, and Spain and the HRE on the other.

This battle was important because Francis I was captured and held captive for a time by Charles V.

37
Q

What did the fracturing of the Anglo-Imperial alliance lead Henry and Wolsey towards?

A

A pro-French foreign policy.

38
Q

What anti-imperial alliance did Henry and France make in 1527?

A

The Treaty of Amiens.

39
Q

How did Wolsey try to pressurise the emperor but what consequences came of this?

A

By imposing a trade embargo with Burgundy.

Charles’ retaliation caused widespread unemployment and social problems in England which quickly forced Wolsey to back down.

40
Q

When and what was the Peace of Cambrai?

A

It was in 1529.

It required the French to give up their ambitions in Italy and it reinforced the papacy’s political dependence upon the emperor.

41
Q

What did Charles’ dominance and strength in 1529 mean for Henry and what did it lead him to do?

A

It meant that Henry’s attempts to solve his marital issues by diplomatic means were doomed to failure.

Henry had to blame someone else for this and this resulted in Wolsey falling from power.

42
Q

What did Henry and France try to do in 1532?

A

Make a fragile alliance to put little pressure on the emperor. This unravelled as Francis sought to establish a marriage alliance between his son Henry and the Pope’s niece Catherine de Medici.

43
Q

Why was the pressure upon Henry’s position reduced in 1536?

A
  • The death of Catherine of Aragon and the execution of Anne Boleyn meant there was possibility of a renewed alliance with the emperor
  • There was renewal of fighting between the emperor and Francis I
44
Q

Why had Henry’s position gone on to weaken again in 1538?

A
  • Charles and Francis buried their differences in the Treaty of Nice, agreeing to sever connections with England
  • Pope Paul III published a bull deposing Henry and absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler
  • The Pope sent envoys to both France and Scotland to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against Henry
45
Q

Why was Henry’s position more secure than it had seemed in 1538?

A

Neither Francis or Charles trusted one another and had more important priorities.

46
Q

What area of Ireland did the English have control over?

A

The Pale, which was the area of land surrounding Dublin.

47
Q

Who was the dominant Irish nobleman in the first part of Henry’s reign?

A

Gerald Fitzgerald, the Earl of Kildare.

48
Q

What did Kildare’s dismissal in 1534 lead to?

A

A major rebellion that was led by his son Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Ossory. It was suppressed with difficulty and considerable expense.

49
Q

What did Henry attempt to do to Irish government in 1534 and how did this go?

A

Refashion is by bringing it more directly under English control.

It failed miserably as it require royal government through an English-born deputy, supported by a substantial military presence - it drowned the Crown’s resources.

50
Q

What did Con O’Neill and Manus O’Donnell do in 1539?

A

Invaded the Pale due to their resentment towards the refashioning of the Irish government.

51
Q

How did the government respond to the invasion of the Pale in 1539?

A

They tried to pacify Ireland by establishing it as a separate kingdom in 1541, imposing English law and creating counties out of Gaelic lordships.

The government lacked resources to follow through with these reforms, and there was no loyalty between the Irish and the English Crown.

52
Q

What were the results of English invasion into Scotland in 1542?

A

England were met with immediate military success, as the Scots were forced into military action by being faced with demands they could not meet.

The Scots were heavily defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss.

53
Q

When did James V pass away and what did this mean?

A

He passed shortly after receiving news of a Scottish defeat at Solway Moss, leaving his one week old daughter, Mary, as heir.

54
Q

Why didn’t Henry invade Scotland after the death of James V?

A

His main interest seemed to be an invasion of France.

55
Q

Why did Scottish policy become known as the ‘rough wooing’?

A

Henry sought to marry the young Prince Edward to even younger Mary.

56
Q

Why did Scots refuse to allow Henry’s request that Mary Queen of Scots be brought up in England?

A

There was widespread suspicion of England’s intentions.

57
Q

How were Mary and Edward formally betrothed and what became of this?

A

Through the Treaty of Greenwich of 1543.

Scottish regent, Earl of Arran, deserted the English cause and the Scottish parliament refused to ratify the treaty, causing Henry to order the Earl of Hertford to carry out a raid on Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews.

58
Q

What were the results of English invasion into France in 1544?

A

Henry failed to march on Paris was unsuccessful. Consequently, the English army confined itself to Calais, failing to seize Montreuil but capturing Boulogne.

By the time this had finished however, the emperor had had enough of conflict and made separate peace with Francis I.

59
Q

Why was Henry struggling in 1545?

A
  • Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of England across the Scottish border
  • The English were defeated by the Scottish as the Battle of Ancrum Moor
  • A separate French force landed in the Isle of Wight
  • Henry’s flagship sank in the Solent
60
Q

What were the final results of conflict between France and England?

A

Both were happy to settle for peace as neither could afford the conflict to continue, so peace was agreed in 1546.

61
Q

What did the 1536 Succession Act mean?

A

Elizabeth was illegitimate, and so was Mary through the 1534 Succession Act, leaving Henry with no legitimate heir.

It also stated that in the absence of a legitimate heir, the King could determine the succession by will or by letters patent.

62
Q

What did the Succession Act of 1543 mean?

A

Mary and Elizabeth were re-legitimated as it was becoming more certain that Henry would be gone before Edward was old enough to succeed him.

tudors; henry viii (8 decks)

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