Foreign Policy essay Successes Vs Failures Flashcards
Foreign policy aims ?
- Increasing trade
- National security
- Establishing dynasty
most significant success of Henry’s foreign policy?
- Ending the threat of rival claimants to the thrown
- positive relations with Yorkist sympathiser
-❗️Perkin Warbeck had large amount of support inc Margaret of Burgundy + French + Scottish kings ➡️ threat eliminated in 1499 TP!
❗️Treaty of Etaples 1492 Henry’s army left france with a payment 745,000 crowns + agreement not to support Henry’s enemies and charles withdrew support from Warbeck ➡️ major success as France major power in Europe
❗️eliminated support from Yorkist sympathisers eg. Kildare supported both Simnel and Warbeck (crowned Simnel king) ➡️ Poynings law 1495 to establish royal authority, able to form alliance with Earl of Kildare who was loyal and monitored Ireland for the rest of H reign
Ex: Elimination of threat of Warbeck 1499 seen as a notable TP for Henry as it ensured both national security and establishment of the Tudor Dynasty ➡️ highlights success of H’s fp as was able to gradually establush his authority and saftey through a range of treaties
another highly convincing success of Henry’s foreign policy? (2)
- Henry successful in avoiding foreign wars
- Breton Crisis ➡️ France wanted to gain power by taking Brittany
❗️treaty of Redon (feb 1489) W/Brittany ➡️ agreed to send 6000 troops only actually sent 3000 troops + Henry ensured France that it was only in an act of gratitude as did not want to go to war with France
❗️ treaty of Medina del campo (Mar 1489) Henry and Spain agreed to go to war against France to recover lost territories (solidifying alliance + secured marriage of Arthur and Catherine)
❗️treaty of etaples (1492) Henry’s army left France with payment of 745,000 crowns + agreement to not support Henry’s enemies
❗️ Henry avoided getting involved in Italian wars which dictated Europe for a number of years
another success of Henry’s foreign policy? (3)
- successful in achieving aim of increasing/securing trade
- bulk of Englands exports came though the Netherlands but relations deteriorated as Maximilian and Philip offered Warbeck hospitality
❗️1495 Henry put a trade embargo on trade with Burgundy ➡️ embargo appeared to have secured expulsion of Warbeck and trade restored by intercursus Magnus 1496 (major commercial treaty!)
❗️Castilian crisis caused the treaty of winsdor ensuring a new trade agreement of intercursus malus 1506 - Treaty of Medina Del Campo strengthened England’s recognition with great european powers such as HRE which opened up new places to trade
- England joined the League of Venice ➡️ major success as it was a league with great powers incl. Spain and HRE which previously isolated from
another success of fp ?
- Successful use of marriage alliances to secure dynasty
- Treaty of Medina Del Campo (1489) secured marriage between Author and Catherine of Aragon ➡️ eliminated threats from Spain
- marriage of Mary to Louis XII of France ➡️ strengthened alliance between the two countries
- marriage of Margret and James Iv ➡️ ensured England’s safety as eliminated threat of France using Scotland as the ‘back door’ for an English invasion
Ex: allowed Henry to forge relations with powerful European power, helped to enhance power + prestige against Europe + reduced chance of invasions in England as foreign powers unwilling to challenge
most significant failure of foreign policy?
- FP successes largely reliant on distractions made elsewhere 🍀(fragile + short term)
- whole focus of Europe attention shifted with Frances’ invasion of Italy in 1494 (good for H as offered distraction from threat of Wabeck) ➡️ lucky
- League of Cambrai 1508 distracted from Henry’s isolation due to Philips unexpected death
- luck also played a bad part in Henry’s diplomatic affairs ➡️ death of Isabella of Castile in 1504 left him wrong footed and dangerously isolated for a time
Ex: for a number of years during his reign, the major powers of Europe were more concerned about events in Italy (area where England had minimal interests). Therefore, Henry was given more of a freer hand than he might otherwise have expected ➡️ Henry fortunate in many areas of foreign policy
another significant failure of foreign policy?(2)
- Henry only able to stabilised not secured the border region
- threatening as France could use the boarder region to attack
- when James III died in 1488 Henry’s true with Scotland was destroyed and the nobles governing for James IV were hostile to Henry
- James IV marriage to Margaret seen as means to weaken Auld
❗️Relations worsened in 1496/97 when James IV gave shelter to Warbeck + royal welcome as well as military support for his failed invasion attempt in 1469/97
But - relations improved in 1502 when the Treaty of perpetual peace was signed, marriage alliance of Henry’s daughter Maragret to James was finalised
another significant failure of foreign policy?
- Longevity of threats
- Warbeck biggest crisis of his reign (longevity of the threat, lasting until 1499) ➡️ impersonated Richard of York + long drawn out affair
- Warbeck received support from many European powers Margret of Burgundy and Charles VIII + Sir William Stanley ➡️ shows lack of relations that Henry has in Europe, could be because spent most of his time focusing on threats rather then creating positive relations in Europe
- dictated most of his foreign policy (was unable to fully eliminate threats till 1506, end of his reign = escalated his change in character)
- unable to ensure national security so vulnerable as king
- most treaties signed in order to ensure Henry’s safety from threats to the throne