Foreign Policy Flashcards
Treaty of Etapes 1510
At the beginning of HVIIIs reign the councillors from the previous reign looked for a continuation of a peaceful foreign policy (conflicting w/ HVIIIs plans)- negotiated renewal of Treaty of Etapes in 1510
Holy League 1510?
Anti French alliance - England, Spain, HRE, Venice and the Pope.
Henry was used by Ferdinand and Maximilian- 1512 sends 10,000 to N Franc- achieved nothing but was a diversionary tactic for Ferdinand to conquer Navarre.
Battle of the Spurs 1513
NE France
Won, used as a propaganda victory when in reality was nothing but a small skirmish.
Battle of Flodden 1513
James IV crossed border, but defeated and killed leaving infant James V on throne- Henry did not build on this due to lack of money from aggressive policy up to 1514
Why was there nothing gained from the military adventures of 1514?
War costly- had to liquidate his inherited assets
Near revolt in Yorkshire over heavy taxation
Tornai (captured in B of Spurs) sold back for less that cost to rebuild after siege.
What were the two major consequences of running out of money by 1514?
Unable to exploit weaknesses in Scotland following death of James IV
Sought peace with France - sister Mary marries Louis XII 1514 but marriage short lived.
What happens after Louis XII dies in 1514?
Throne to Francis I- personal and political rival
Wants to seek alliance with Spain, but Ferdinand dies in 1516- successor Charles V seeks alliance with France in Treaty of Noyon.
Treaty of Cambrais1517
Charles and max. Alliance- left England dangerously isolated.
Duke of Albany (heir to Scotland and member of French nobility, sent to Scotland to stir up trouble with French nobility.
Treaty of London 1518
Wolsey establishes general European peace.
Meaningless in the end!
Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520
Francis and Henry.
Diplomatically nothing achieved.
Expensive and extravagant.
Treaty of Bruges 1522
Conflict between Charles and Francis so Wolsey took advantage and negotiated treaty w/ Charles.
Motives:
Improve relations with the pope
Might gain more territory in France
Marriage alliance between his daughter Mary and the pope.
Battle of Pavia 1525
Charles defeats French- Henry suggests to Charles they launch joint attack of N France - says no.
Lack of strategic awareness
Charles withdraws marriage contract.
Treaty of Amiens 1527
England relatively minor power as he can’t resolve the ‘great matter’
Forced into an anti imperial alliance with France
Alliance weak as both countries weak- could put little pressure on Europe.
Break from Rome
1533 - due to little alternative
Horrified Catholic powers but no repercussions as Charles more concerned with threat from ottomans
How was the potential danger of England’s isolated position get reduced in 1536?
Why was the relief short lived?
Renewal of fighting between Francis and Charles.
C+F bury differences in Treaty of Nice
Pope Paul III published bull deposing Henry and so absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler.
Pope sends envoys to FRA + SCO to get support for a catholic Crusade against him
Battle of Solway Moss 1542
England invades Scotland and wins.
James V then dies shortly after, leaving 1 week old MQofS
Looked to use diplomatic pressure as a means of securing Scottish objectives whilst he sought military glory in France
Scottish policy of ‘rough wooing’ (1542)
Henry sought to marry Ed and MQofS
Formally betrothed in Treaty Of Greenwich 1543
However E of Arran (Scottish regent) deserted ENG cause and refused to ratify treaty
Prompted an enraged Henry to have Edinburgh, Leigh and St Andrews raided
Hey can HVIII be criticised in his failure of Scottish FP?
Neglected opportunity to secure his policy by military force when he had the opportunity in 1542.
Failed to heed to Sadler’s warnings about Scottish hostility to his intentions.
The raids in Scotland were simply a matter of retaliation. gave no thoughts to strategic objectives & just antagonised Scots further.
Describe HVIII’s quest for military glory in France in 1544.
Desperate for military glory and lead army despite health problems.
Unsuccessful besiege in Montreuil but capture Boulogne.
By this time Charles got fed up of conflict and made peace treaty w/ Francis.
Why did matters get worse for HVIII in 1545?
Francis sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of ENG.
English defeated at B of Ancrum Moor.
Separate French force landed on IoW.
Flagship, Mary Rose, sank in the Solent.
How did relations with France change in 1546?
Peace was agreed as neither could afford to continue.
The war had raised inflation significantly, showing a TOXIC LEGACY
What were HVII’s FP objectives?
National security.
Securing the Tudor dynasty.
Defence of England’s trading interests.
1487 French invasion of Brittany
Fiefdom of the French crown which had enjoyed effective independence. Looked like French would gain control.
Summons parliament in 1489 to gain extraordinary revenue for war against France.
Did this due to a sense of obligation to the Bretons, and the fear that French direct control would increase potential French threat to England.
1489 Treaty of Redon
Duchess Anne would pay for a a small ENG army to defend Brittany.
HVII also tries to strengthen position w alliance w HRE. Max. Contracted marriage-by-proxy w Anne and so didn’t want Brittany in French hands.
