Foreign Policy

Question 1

Treaty of Etapes 1510

Answer 1

At the beginning of HVIIIs reign the councillors from the previous reign looked for a continuation of a peaceful foreign policy (conflicting w/ HVIIIs plans)- negotiated renewal of Treaty of Etapes in 1510

Question 2

Holy League 1510?

Answer 2

Anti French alliance - England, Spain, HRE, Venice and the Pope.
Henry was used by Ferdinand and Maximilian- 1512 sends 10,000 to N Franc- achieved nothing but was a diversionary tactic for Ferdinand to conquer Navarre.

Question 3

Battle of the Spurs 1513

Answer 3

NE France

Won, used as a propaganda victory when in reality was nothing but a small skirmish.

Question 4

Battle of Flodden 1513

Answer 4

James IV crossed border, but defeated and killed leaving infant James V on throne- Henry did not build on this due to lack of money from aggressive policy up to 1514

Question 5

Why was there nothing gained from the military adventures of 1514?

Answer 5

War costly- had to liquidate his inherited assets
Near revolt in Yorkshire over heavy taxation
Tornai (captured in B of Spurs) sold back for less that cost to rebuild after siege.

Question 6

What were the two major consequences of running out of money by 1514?

Answer 6

Unable to exploit weaknesses in Scotland following death of James IV
Sought peace with France - sister Mary marries Louis XII 1514 but marriage short lived.

Question 7

What happens after Louis XII dies in 1514?

Answer 7

Throne to Francis I- personal and political rival
Wants to seek alliance with Spain, but Ferdinand dies in 1516- successor Charles V seeks alliance with France in Treaty of Noyon.

Question 8

Treaty of Cambrais1517

Answer 8

Charles and max. Alliance- left England dangerously isolated.
Duke of Albany (heir to Scotland and member of French nobility, sent to Scotland to stir up trouble with French nobility.

Question 9

Treaty of London 1518

Answer 9

Wolsey establishes general European peace.

Meaningless in the end!

Question 10

Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520

Answer 10

Francis and Henry.
Diplomatically nothing achieved.
Expensive and extravagant.

Question 11

Treaty of Bruges 1522

Answer 11

Conflict between Charles and Francis so Wolsey took advantage and negotiated treaty w/ Charles.
Motives:
Improve relations with the pope
Might gain more territory in France
Marriage alliance between his daughter Mary and the pope.

Question 12

Battle of Pavia 1525

Answer 12

Charles defeats French- Henry suggests to Charles they launch joint attack of N France - says no.
Lack of strategic awareness
Charles withdraws marriage contract.

Question 13

Treaty of Amiens 1527

Answer 13

England relatively minor power as he can’t resolve the ‘great matter’
Forced into an anti imperial alliance with France
Alliance weak as both countries weak- could put little pressure on Europe.

Question 14

Break from Rome

Answer 14

1533 - due to little alternative

Horrified Catholic powers but no repercussions as Charles more concerned with threat from ottomans

Question 15

How was the potential danger of England’s isolated position get reduced in 1536?
Why was the relief short lived?

Answer 15

Renewal of fighting between Francis and Charles.
C+F bury differences in Treaty of Nice
Pope Paul III published bull deposing Henry and so absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler.
Pope sends envoys to FRA + SCO to get support for a catholic Crusade against him

Question 16

Battle of Solway Moss 1542

Answer 16

England invades Scotland and wins.
James V then dies shortly after, leaving 1 week old MQofS
Looked to use diplomatic pressure as a means of securing Scottish objectives whilst he sought military glory in France

Question 17

Scottish policy of ‘rough wooing’ (1542)

Answer 17

Henry sought to marry Ed and MQofS
Formally betrothed in Treaty Of Greenwich 1543
However E of Arran (Scottish regent) deserted ENG cause and refused to ratify treaty
Prompted an enraged Henry to have Edinburgh, Leigh and St Andrews raided

Question 18

Hey can HVIII be criticised in his failure of Scottish FP?

Answer 18

Neglected opportunity to secure his policy by military force when he had the opportunity in 1542.
Failed to heed to Sadler’s warnings about Scottish hostility to his intentions.
The raids in Scotland were simply a matter of retaliation. gave no thoughts to strategic objectives & just antagonised Scots further.

Question 19

Describe HVIII’s quest for military glory in France in 1544.

Answer 19

Desperate for military glory and lead army despite health problems.
Unsuccessful besiege in Montreuil but capture Boulogne.
By this time Charles got fed up of conflict and made peace treaty w/ Francis.

Question 20

Why did matters get worse for HVIII in 1545?

Answer 20

Francis sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion of ENG.
English defeated at B of Ancrum Moor.
Separate French force landed on IoW.
Flagship, Mary Rose, sank in the Solent.

Question 21

How did relations with France change in 1546?

Answer 21

Peace was agreed as neither could afford to continue.

The war had raised inflation significantly, showing a TOXIC LEGACY

Question 22

What were HVII’s FP objectives?

Answer 22

National security.
Securing the Tudor dynasty.
Defence of England’s trading interests.

Question 23

1487 French invasion of Brittany

Answer 23

Fiefdom of the French crown which had enjoyed effective independence. Looked like French would gain control.
Summons parliament in 1489 to gain extraordinary revenue for war against France.
Did this due to a sense of obligation to the Bretons, and the fear that French direct control would increase potential French threat to England.

Question 24

1489 Treaty of Redon

Answer 24

Duchess Anne would pay for a a small ENG army to defend Brittany.
HVII also tries to strengthen position w alliance w HRE. Max. Contracted marriage-by-proxy w Anne and so didn’t want Brittany in French hands.

Question 25

What was the result of the Treaty of Redon in 1489?

Answer 25

Duchess Anne feared the futility of prolonged resistance to France and surrendered, reluctantly marries Charles VIII
This left ENG army marooned in Brittany and Maxmilian lost interest.
Setback for HVII

Question 26

1492 invasion of France

Answer 26

French quickly sought peace settlement.
A gamble due to it happening late in campaign season, however used intelligence that Charles was more interested in invading Italy.
Shows how a flexible approach was beneficial.

Question 27

Treaty of Etapes 1492.

Answer 27

Charles VIII agrees to withdraw PW support and pay pension to Henry to cover expense of him having to raise army.
Successful as:
Defended national and dynastic interests
Improved financial position
ensured a position of cordiality in Anglo French relations

Question 28

Why did Henry VII want good relations with Burgundy?

Answer 28

Majority of English exports went through Dutch ports like Antwerp, which were under Burgundy’s jurisdiction.

Question 29

Who was Margaret of Burgundy

Answer 29

I think upholder of a Yorkist cause she also enlisted the support from Max Millon holy Roman Empire and his son Philip who had jurisdiction over the Netherlands

Question 30

Why did the relations between England and Burgundy deteriorate

Answer 30

Max and Philip were offering hospitality to Perkin Warbeck

Question 31

How did Henry the seventh try to ease the sour relations between England and Burgundy

Answer 31

Gambled to put a trade in Bago on Burgundy
This brought two of his foreign policy objectives into conflict (securing the dynasty and encouraging trade)
Priority to gymnastic interests – willing to sacrifice commercial interests
Relations improved after PW left Burgundy
Henry and Philip agreed to into curses Magness in 1496 – what trade in bar go to an end

Question 32

When did Isabella, Q of Castile die? What did it lead to?

Answer 32

1504
Intercursus Malus - demanded a trade deal which would have given w much stronger trading position to English merchants in the Netherlands - never put into place
Max and Phillip agree to hand over Yorkist fugative (Earl of Suffolk) - imprisoned him in tower

Question 33

What did Isabella Q of Cs death do for England overall

Answer 33

Improved trading position and dynastic security

Question 34

Summarise the Treaty of Medina del Campo of 1489

Answer 34

The two monarchies offered mutual protection in the event of an attack
Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
Marriage alliance between Arthur and CofA

Question 35

What were the problems with the implementation of the Treaty of Medina del Campo

Answer 35

Arrangements for marriage not smooth
Ferdinand reluctant for marriage as long as Henry’s dynasty was still threatened by PW
Argues over size of Catharines dowry

Question 36

Why did Arthur’s death in 1502 cause complications?

Answer 36

Henry immediately offers 2nd son Henry but Ferdinand reluctant - little need for an Eng alliance and marriage would require a papal dispensation