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Foreign Policy Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Foreign Minister in 1933?

A
  • Constantin von Neurath
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2
Q

What was the Foreign Policy like in the Early Years?

A
  • Need for Moderation + patience

- Nazi party viewed as reasonable + lulled many nations into a false sense of security

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3
Q

What Event Occurred in 1933? Effect?

A
  • Germany pulled out of the League of Nations and the Disarmament Conference because no one (France) was willing to disarm

EFFECT

  • Germany seems reasonable + moderate
  • Encouraged people to sympathies with Germany
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4
Q

What Event Occurred in January 1934?

Effect?

A
  • Germany signs a Non Conflict Treaty for 10 years with Poland
  • Lower suspensions + lulls Poland into a false sense of security - Broke Lucano Treaty 1925

EFFECT

  • Good as non-agressive
  • Showing Germany to be diplomatic
  • Gaining respect through signing pacts + agreements
  • No official agreement was reached with Britain/Italy, but Britain was sympathizing with Germany
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5
Q

What Event Occurred in July 1934?

Effects?

A
  • Nazi attempted to make a coup in Austria
  • SS used Austrian army uniforms + invaded Vienna + Killed Dollfuss (Austrian Chancellor)
  • Took control of radio station and declared that Dollfuss resigned
  • Mussolini sent his troops to stop Hitler
  • Conducted this in an atmosphere of fear + violence but it was a FAILURE

EFFECT

  • First set back
  • Too soon into dictatorship
  • Needed Italy’s help - gain trust of Mussolini
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6
Q

What Event Occurred in January 1935?

Effect?

A
  • Saar voted to return to German rule, after being ruled by the League of Nations - 90% in favor

EFFECT

  • Good for Germany
  • People wanted to be part of Nazi regime
  • Confidence boost
  • Propaganda boost
  • Destroying Treaty of Versailles
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7
Q

What Event Occurred in March 1935?

Effect?

A
  • Breaking free of the Versailles Agreement
  • Conscription was introduced
  • Luftwaffe formed
  • Peacetime army was 550000

EFFECT

  • Broke Versailles Agreement terms
  • Britain,France+Italy openly condemned (orally only) - formed Stresa Front with the aim of establishing a national diplomatic front against Germany
  • Hitler’s confidence increased - others not strong enough to league against hum
  • Importance + national pride restored
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8
Q

What Event Occurred in June 1935?

Effect?

A
  • Britain + Germany signed Ambassadorial Agreement
  • Britain wanted to protect its empire
  • Britain let Germany have 35% of Britain’s Navel fleets (e.g. B=100, G=35)
  • Britain broke Stresa Front (looks weak)

EFFECT

  • Encouraged rearmament
  • Increased Hitler’s Power
  • Not a limitation
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9
Q

What Event Occurred in October 1935?

Effect?

A
  • Mussolini order an attack on Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

EFFECT

  • Breaking Stresa Front
  • Italy increasing empire
  • League of Nations didn’t do anything
  • Hitler doesn’t have attention on Germany
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10
Q

What Event Occurred in March 1936?

Effect?

A
  • Hitler ordered troops to re-possess Rhineland
  • Major political gamble since German Army wouldn’t be strong enough to fight against French Army

EFFECT

  • No one did anything (Britain+France) - wanted to avoid war
  • Increase German strength
  • Lots of industries + resources
  • Hitler’s positions increased - very strong
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11
Q

What Event Occurred Throughout 1936?

Effect?

A
  • Spanish Civil War

EFFECT

  • Caused political insecurity
  • Italy/Germany/Russia interfered militarily
  • Britain + France feared there might be a political revolution + continued with their policy of non interference/appeasement
  • Attention was drawn away from central Europe
  • Gave a general focus for the interests of Germany + Italy
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12
Q

What Event Occurred in November 1936?

Effect?

A
  • Anti international communism pact with Japan
  • Anti-Communist pact

EFFECT
- Germany + Japan helped each other if America attacked either one

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13
Q

What Conclusions Can be Made About Nazi Foreign Policy?

A
  • International status of Germany had changed considerably
  • Had become Dominate
  • Versailles + Lacono treaties eradicated
  • Germany no longer isolated
  • Mussolini distanced himself from France + Britain and had gotten closer to Germany
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14
Q

What Problems did Germany Face After 1936?

A
  1. Economic Crisis - solved by Georing’s Four Year Plan
  2. Conservative members of army + foreign minister wanted a more moderate policy - Hitler needed to secure their support
  3. Germany wanted to make a tripartite agreement with Japan and Italy at the expense of Britain
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15
Q

What Effect did the Problems of 1936 have?

A
  • Caused the idleness of 1937

- Clear divison bewteen diplomatic coups (35/36) and the emergencies before the war (38/39)

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16
Q

What Event Occurred in November 1937?

Effect?

A
  • Hossbach Meeting

EFFECT

  • Hossbach sacked for recording meeting
  • Blueprint of steps that lead to war
  • Used in Nuremberg trials to show that Hitler + Generals wanted war.
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17
Q

Why did Hitler want Anschluss?

A
  • Wanted all German speaking nations in Europe to be part of German
  • Wanted to control Austria and Sudetenland (German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia)
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18
Q

Briefly Describe the the 1934 Failed Coup in Austria.

A
  • Austrian Chancellor tried to crack down on socialist + Nazis - Nazis were banned
  • 1934 = Austrian Nazis created havoc - turned into attempt to overthrow government
  • Chancellor murdered
  • Failed because the Austrian military intervened
  • Italy made agreement with Austria that would protect er from aggression - Mussolini honored this + moved troops to Italian boarder
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19
Q

What Happened After the Failed Coup?

A
  • New chancellor wanted to preserve the country from German invasion by trying not to give Hitler an excuses for aggression
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20
Q

What was the German-Austrian Agreement 1936?

A
  • Recognised the independence of Austria
  • BUT Austria’s foreign policy had to consistent with Germany’s
  • Allowed Nazis to hold official posts in Austria
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21
Q

How did the Rome-Berlin Axis Affect Austria?

A
  • Hitler + Mussolini formalised the Rome-Berlin Axis during their joint involvement in the Spanish Civil War (36-39)
  • Caused Austria to loss its protection from Italy + become vulnerable to German attack
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22
Q

What did Hitler Want from Schuschnigg when he Visited Him?

A
  • Hitler demanded that the restriction on Austrian Nazi Party lifted + that they’d be given key government posts is Austria
  • Compromised by making Seyess-Inquart (Nazi) Minister of the Interior
  • Caused Hitler to order the Austrian Nazis to create as much trouble as possible to put pressure on Schuschnigg
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23
Q

Describe the Events of 09/03/1938

A
  • Schushcnigg announced a referendum to decide if Austria wanted to be part of Germany
  • If Austria voted against joining Germany Hitler couldn’t invade
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24
Q

Describe the Events of 10/03/1938

A
  • Hitler was preparing for invasion
  • Hitler ordered Schuschnigg to call off referendum
  • Schuschnigg knew he’d get no help form Italy + France/Britain wouldn’t interfere - called off referendum + resigned
  • Seyess-Inquart (Minister of the Interior) ordered to ask for German help to restore Austria
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25
Q

Describe the Events of 11/03/1938

A
  • ## Hitler reassured Czechoslovakia that they had nothing to fear
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26
Q

Describe the Events of 12/03/1938

A
  • German troops marched into Austria unopposed
  • Hitler had control of Austria
  • Month later - Hitler held a rigged referendum
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27
Q

What was the Foreign Reaction to Anschluss?

A

FRANCE

  • French policies were in turmoil in March 1938
  • 2 days before Germany invaded Austria the entire French government had resigned
  • Not in a position to oppose invasion

BRITAIN

  • Britain having own problems - Eden (foreign secretary) had resigned over Chamberlain’s to open negotiations with Mussolini
  • British population was against the idea of another European war
  • Anschluss was not seen as a threat to Britain - between two German speaking nations - no good reason why Austria and Germany shouldn’t unify
28
Q

What were the Effects of Anschluss?

A
  • Britain + France appeasement - appeared week
  • Got more men power/industry/Jews- Krystallnacht
  • Economic advantages
  • Confidence grew
  • Good relationship with Italy
  • Destroyed treaty of Versailles
  • Hitler won more support in Danzig (port) + won 70/72 in 1938 - came under influence of the Third Reich
29
Q

Why was Czechoslovakia Important to Hitler?

A
  • German speaking people - 3 million
  • Industry - iron
  • Versailles Treaty created there
30
Q

How did Hitler Plan to Take Control of Czechoslovakia?

A
  • Hitler wanted to use the Sudeten Germans to create trouble in Czech and then use it as a pretense for invading and “restoring order”
  • Czechs + Slovaks were Slavic origin so considered untermenschen (subhumen)
31
Q

How did Hitler Build Tension?

March 1938

A
  • Hitler was supported by the Sudeten German Party under Heinlein
  • Hitler ordered Heinlein to create a crisis in the county
  • Sudeten Germans made increasingly bold demands from the government
  • When demands couldn’t be met they’d insisted that they’re being persecuted
32
Q

How did Hitler Build Tension?

April 1938

A
  • Heinlein announced his Karlsbad Programme for Sudeten self government, independence and organised civil unrest
  • Czech government were against these despite being urged by Czech allies (France+Britain)
33
Q

How did Hitler Build Tension?

May 1938

A
  • Hitler moved his army to Czech boarder to intimidate Czech government
  • Czech army moblised and moved closer to the boarder
34
Q

How did Hitler Build Tension?

July 1938

A
  • Hitler promised Chamberlain that he wouldn’t invade Czech if he was given control of Sudetenland
35
Q

Describe the Events that Occured on the 12/09/1938

A
  • Hitler increased the tensions by insisting self-determination for Czech president at Nuremberg Rally
  • Sudeten Germans rioted + material law was declared in Czechoslovakia
36
Q

Describe the Meeting that took place on 15th September 1938

A
  • Between Hitler + Chamberlain
  • Chamberlain agreed principle that Hitler could claim the Sudetenland without reprisal from Britain
  • Chamberlain managed to persuade his cabinet + French government to accept deal
37
Q

Describe the Meeting that took place on 22th September 1938

A
  • Between Hitler + Chamberlain
  • Chamberlain offered Hitler control of Sudetenland
  • Hitler demanded that the Czech army leave the Sudetenland by 1st October
  • Demand designed to provoke the Czechs + provide an excuse to invade whole country
38
Q

What was the Munich Agreement?

A
  • Meeting between Britain, Italy, France and Germany
  • No representations form Czech or Russia
  • Chamberlain stayed with his policy of pacifism + appeasement to give Sudetenland to Germany on the condition that he wouldn’t be claiming more land
  • Munich agreement meant a lot to Chamberlain but Nothing to Hitler
  • Czech had to either accept it or face Germany alone
  • Czech Accepted
39
Q

What were the Effects of Munich?

A
  • Hitler gained land
  • Germany gained 3.5mil Germans/land/wealth/resources/Jews
  • Britain + France weak
  • Britain + France made things too easy for Hitler
  • Czech suffered
  • Success for Hitler
  • Gave Britain time to rearm
40
Q

What did Pro-Appeasers think about the Munich Agreement?

A
  • Brought Britain valuable time to rearm for work

- Had previously been too weak to help Austria/Czechoslovakia

41
Q

What did the Anti-Appeasers think about the Munich Agreement?

A
  • Shamefully brtrayed Czech + lost a potential ally in fight against Nazi Germany
  • In 1940 every third tank used in the invasion of France was built in Czechoslovakia
42
Q

What Event Occurred in 15 March 1939?

Effect?

A
  • German army invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia

EFFECT

  • Germany gained land
  • Britain + France didn’t do anything
43
Q

What Event Occurred in 31 March 1939?

Effect?

A
  • Britain promised to defend Poland in hope of restraining Hitler

EFFECT
- Hopefully restrict Hitler - bluff

44
Q

What Event Occurred in 22 May 1939?

Effect?

A
  • Italy + Germany signed the Pact of Steel to protect each other in event of war
45
Q

What Event Occurred in 23 August 1939?

Effect?

A
  • Nazi-Soviet pact was signed by Germany + Russia
  • 2 nations promised to not fight each other
  • Created a good atmosphere where trade agreements were restarted between Germany + Russia
  • Pact signed for 10 years
  • Germany attacked Poland in the east on 01/09/39
  • Britain + France continued with pacifist policies
  • France + Britain wanted to meet Hitler, Hitler didn’t answer
  • 03/09/39 War allies declared war on Germany
46
Q

Why didn’t Hitler Expect Britain + France to Declare War?

A
  • Britain + France followed appeasement
  • Nazi-Soviet Pact
  • Allies didn’t want a war
47
Q

Describe Hitler’s Early Victory Over Poland.

Effects?

A
  • Germany succeeded in overcoming Poland within a few weeks through Blitzkrieg

EFFECTS

  • Shows strength of Germany
  • Confidence boost - Quickly
  • Leabanstrum achieved
  • Gained resources/labour/etc
  • Experience of war
  • Russia didn’t stop Hitler - Munich Agreement
48
Q

Describe Germany’s Attack on France May 1940

A
  • Attack planned for November 1939 - prospered due to luke warm attitudes of Generals
  • Took place in May 1940 - prolonging the Anglo-French Phoney war for 8 months
49
Q

Why did Hitler Target France?

A

Wanted to nutralise the democratic countries in the west before continuing Lebensraum

50
Q

Describe the Attack on Norway + Denmark

EFFECT

A
  • April 1940 - Germany army occupied Denmark + Norway’s major ports
  • Norway = essential - major entry for Swedish iron to Germany (important for arms)
51
Q

What were the Effects of the Early Victories?

France/Norway/Denmark

A
  • More land
  • More resource
  • Conquered France in 6 weeks = confidence boost
  • German citizens were very happy
  • More Aryans/Jews
  • Hitler controlled Paris/Oslo/Vienna/Prague/Waslaw/Berlin
52
Q

How did Germany’s Early Victories Effect Britain?

A
  • Churchill refused to let Britain settle with Germany
  • Germany needed to secure air superiority to invade Britain - Germany’s failure to win Battle of Britain was significant
  • Germany switched military focus to USSR before Britain had been nutralised - Mistake?
53
Q

What was Announced on 18th December 1939?

A

Operation Barbarossa

54
Q

Why did Hitler Decide to Go to War With Russia Before They Defeated Britain?

A
  • Aimed to be a quick campaign

- Hitler believed that Blitzkrieg could succeed - over confident due to previous success?

55
Q

What were Hitler’s Aims for Operation Barbarossa?

A
  • Lebensraum
  • Destroy communism/Bolshevism
  • Gain labour/industry/power
56
Q

Describe the German Attack Russia 1941

A
  • Postponed for months - Germany had to secure its southern boarder
  • Invasion of Soviet Union took place June 1941
  • Started well (Germany nearly captured Stalingrad + defeating Britain in Egypt)
  • Despite the Nazi-Soviet Agreement signed August 1939, Hitler continued to attack Russia since Russia was a strategic threat his European empire + was birthplace of Bolshevism
  • Germany won a lot of land + prisoners but Russia did not give up
  • By Decmeber 1941, Difference apprared between Hitler + his gernerals, Anglo- American support and Russian dangers - Caused Germany to stop Advancing
57
Q

Why did Operation Barbarossa Fail?

A
  1. Vastness of USSR
  2. Inability to Target Soviet Industry
  3. Logisitcs
  4. Poor Intelligence
  5. Occupation Policy
  6. Contrast Interference of Hitler in Milotary Operations
  7. Not Accounting for a Long War
  8. Problems in the Rear
  9. Determination of the Soviet Population
  10. Weather
  11. Germans Didn’t Have Enough
58
Q

Why was December 1941 a Turning Point?

A
  • Pearl Harbor - America in the war
  • Hitler had lost his military + diplomatic grip - out of the Fuhrer’s control
  • Hitler responding to circumstances + make strategic judgments which were shaped by self-delusion + his own warped view of the world rather than rational assessment of the situation
59
Q

How did the Effects of December 1941 Impact the Events of 1942?

A
  • Allies gradually began to win the war
  • German forces continued to push deeper into Russian oil fields
  • June 1942 = Americans defeated the Japanese at the Battle of Midway
  • November 1942 = Britain won Battle of El-Alamein in Egypt - led to the ejection of German forces from North Africa
  • January 1943 - Russians defeated Nazis at the Battle of Stalingrad - 300000 German troops surrendered = beginning of the Soviet counter offensive
60
Q

Why has the Winter of 1942/43 Been Described as the “Turning of the Tides” for Hitler?

A
  • German failure in Stalingrad was major - a large number of soldiers were lost + Russians exploited their success by winning the Battle of Kursk in July 1943 - led red army to liberate Eastern Europe + attack Germany
  • British victory in Egypt in November 1942 forced Germany out of North Africa
  • Effects were difficult to hide from public - Propaganda couldn’t hide the defeat - Bombing raids wreaked destruction + dislocation. Germany faced total devastation unless they surrendered - JULY BOMB PLOT
61
Q

Describe Hitler’s Continued Obsession with the Jews

A
  • New Radical Order created - meant he could eradicate the Jewish community
62
Q

What did Hitler Think Would Happen to the Relationship Between the Western Allies and Russia?

A
  • Couldn’t continue as friends after the war
  • He thought he’d be able to play one against the other
  • Military cooperation continued between the allies + Russia fairly well
  • End 1943 = Anglo-American forces had joined in Africa + established hold of southern Italy + Russia was recovering much of the Ukraine
63
Q

Describe D-Day

A
  • Allied invasion of Normandy occurred as Allies liberated Paris
  • German troops overwhelmed the British resistance - Germany had initially success - however they were outnumbered + retreated
  • USA forces joined the Allied forces + blind optimism prevailed
64
Q

Explain the Events of 1945

A
  • April 1945 = Soviet soldiers advanced to within a mile of the chancellery in Berlin that Hitler committed suicide
65
Q

Summarise Nazi War Foreign Policy

A
  • Before 1942 Germany was doing very well
  • Came close to taking Stalingrad + Egypt

However

  • Hitler initially believed that it was necessary to avoid war on two fronts - had to have an agreement/neutrality of Britain so that he could attack the east
  • Germany failed to do this with Britain - long term failure was clear
  • Germany was not ready for the pressure that a war on two fronts would put on resources + economy
  • Friendship with Italy not enough - militarily weak
  • Failure to destroy Russia as well as American support proved to be destructive for Germany - industrial power + resources if these two industrial giants (+Britain) were aimed at destroying Germany militarily

Nazi History (7 decks)

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