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Germany And West Germany 1918 - 89 > Foreign Policy 1933 - 39 > Flashcards

Foreign Policy 1933 - 39 Flashcards

1
Q

Actions that shows intentionalism:

A
  • Mein Kampf (published in 1925)
  • Secret Book
  • Zweites Buch
  • Hossbach Conference
  • 25 point programme (published in Feb 1920)
  • Leaving Disarmament Conference of 1933
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2
Q

Quote from Mein Kampf:

A

Germans are “the highest species of humanity on this Earth

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3
Q

What 3 main points on Hitler’s view of history, as mentioned in Mein Kampf, influenced foreign policy?

A
  • Racial history (pure race)
  • Power and land was Germany’s right
  • WW1 + effect of Treaty of Versailles
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4
Q

What is pan-Germanism?

A
  • Other countries would have to be captured and cleared of inferior people TO GIVE Germans land when uniting all German speaking people into one country
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5
Q

How did pan-Germanism affect foreign policy?

A
  • Favoured German expansion eastwards
  • Favoured alliances w/ racially acceptable countries eg. Britain
  • ‘Evil’ alliances w/ racially inferior countries to take advantage
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6
Q

What two earlier German empires did Hitler look up to and why?

A
  • 1st Reich –> Holy Roman Empire of Charlemagne
  • 2nd Reich –> Otto von Bismark
  • Gained land and kept it by war + military strength
  • 2nd Reich had carefully created alliances
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7
Q

How did the early German empires influence foreign policy?

A

Nazi propaganda focused on its glory, why may have influenced Hitler as his early years stressed desire for peace

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8
Q

What ideas did 25 Point Programme of Nazi Party and Mein Kampf contain?

A
  • “Union of all Germans in a great Germany”
  • “Revocation of peace treaties of Versailles”
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9
Q

How does Hitler leaving the Disarmament Conference of 1933 show intentionalism?

A
  • Disramament Conference of 1933 was called to discuss revision of Versailles Treaty
  • He did this to avoid signing any agreements limiting size of army
  • Shows prep for war
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10
Q

How does Hossbach memorandum show Hitler’s intention for war?

A

Talks about Anschluss aims and destruction of Czechoslovakia

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11
Q

6 main causes of resentment of treaty of Versailles:

A
  • Creation of Polish Corridor + loss of Danzig
  • Disarmament
  • German army could not enter their Rhineland
  • Heavy reparations
  • War guilt clause
  • No say in Treaty terms (Diktat)
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12
Q

Why was the creation of the Polish corridor and the loss of Danzig most significant?

A

It cut East Prussia off from the rest of Germany

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13
Q

What agreements were made with Germany’s ideological enemy USSR (+stat)?

A
  • Secret rearmament agreements allowing German armaments to be made on Soviet soil
  • By 1928 –> Tanks for Germany being built and tested in USSR
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14
Q

How did the Treaty of Versailles change the aims of foreign policy?

A
  • The treaty created small self-determining states that were weak, had sizeable GER pop + ethnic divisions that made governance difficult
  • Desirable targets for GER
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15
Q

How did the Treaty affect the reactions of the Allies to GER’s foreign policy?

A
  • Guilt about treaty from FRA, GBR + many nations
  • GBR PM , Lloyd George, said it was so unfair there would be war in 25 yrs time
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16
Q

Give one example where the Allies let a violation of the Treaty slide because of their guilt and for what other reason:

A
  • Jun 1935 –> Anglo-German naval agreement, which set naval sizes for both countries
  • Hoped GER would be satisfied and not expand further after this
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17
Q

What was one consequence of allowing GER to break the treaty?

A
  • Gave GER time to build military force
  • Expand GER further
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18
Q

What were Hitler’s 4 aims for foreign policy?

A
  • Treaty of Versailles had to be overturned
  • Large and powerful world power
  • Lebensraum
  • Would have to go to war due to world Jewry + Bolshevism
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19
Q

What did Hitler have to do to overturn the Treaty (4 R’s)?

A
  • Rearm
  • Regain lost land
  • Reoccupy Rhineland
  • Reparations left unpaid
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20
Q

Why did Hitler not want colonies when compared to the Kaiser?

A

Wanted to wait until GER was fully established in EUR

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21
Q

How did Hitler want to obtain a German empire and which countries did he want to do this with (w/ example)?

A
  • Through alliances
  • Countries w/ suitable ethnic mix eg. GBR
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22
Q

However, there was something that Hitler was willing to form w/ countries that did not have a suitable ethnic mix. What was this (w/ example)?

A

Short-term alliances eg. USSR

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23
Q

Give one example of a short-term alliance formed in Jan 1934 and why Hitler did this:

A
  • Non-aggression pact w/ POL
  • Cut France off from Eastern European allies
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24
Q

Why was Lebensraum needed, which countries should this be taken from and what should be done to it?

A
  • Become a great nation + Meet needs of people
  • Countries in East
  • Cleared of all but pure Germans
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25
Q

What did Hitler believe about Jews + communists?

A

Believed the grps were working together to stir up anti-German feeling in other countries and to control govs

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26
Q

How did the Nazi Party feel about the alliance w/ ITA and why did Hitler go ahead with it?

A
  • Opposed it as Tyrol has significant German speaking pop
  • At the time, alliances were more important than overturning Treaty/Lebensraum
27
Q

What are 4 features of foreign policy?

A
  • Overturning Versailles
  • Strategic alliances
  • Expansion
  • Germanisation
28
Q

Why was forming alliances important for Hitler?

A
  • Stop anti-German power blocs building up
  • GER would not have to fight war on 2 fronts
29
Q

What 4 pieces of evidence supports both structuralism and intentionalism and how?

A
  • Until 1936, Hitler kept many foreign ministry officials before coming to power –> shows he did impose a plan/long-term planning
  • Comparison of land gains from 1935 to 39 w/ aims expressed in Mein Kampf –> shows planning/just broad aims
  • Army’s unpreparedness –> happened earlier than expected/Hitler had not planned it
30
Q

When did GER leave League of Nations and why?

A
  • Oct 1933
  • Slow to make decisions, did not have its own army, key countries had not joined
  • Did not see it as a threat
31
Q

When did GER introduce conscription + announce rearmament?

A

Mar 1935

32
Q

When did GER troops reoccupy Rhineland?

A

Mar 1936

33
Q

When did GER + ITA announce Rome-Berlin axis?

A

Nov 1936

34
Q

When did Anschluss happen?

A

Mar 1938

35
Q

When does GER take Sudetenland?

A

Oct 1938

36
Q

When did GER invade Czechoslovakia?

A

Mar 1939

37
Q

When did GER + ITA sign Pact of Steel?

A

May 1939

38
Q

How did formation of Pact of Steel show Hitler did not intend for war?

A

He hoped it would dissuade Allies from intervening to help Poland

39
Q

How did the formation of Pact of Steel help wage war?

A

Provided the League of Nations w/ distraction of Abyssinia away from Hitler’s remilitarisation of Rhineland

40
Q

When did GER + USSR sign Nazi-Soviet Pact and how did negotiations leading up to this show Hitler’s intent for war?

A
  • Aug 1939
  • In discussions to update Rapallo Treaty of 1922, references were made to ‘German Poland’ and ‘Russian Poland’
41
Q

When did GER invade POL?

A

1 Sep 1939

42
Q

What 2 pieces of evidence show that Hitler always intended war?

A
  • 4 Year Plan of 1936-1939 focused need for militarisation first + developing war materials like synthetic oil
  • Intended war but later –> Privately told generals it would be a disaster to provoke a military attack until they had built up their armed forces
43
Q

Why did Hitler not expect GBR and FRA to go to war over Eastern Europe?

A
  • No military opposition to invasion of Austria/Czechoslovakia/remilitarisation of Rhineland/Sudetenland
  • British warned Polish not to mobilise armed forces
  • GBR turned down Polish request for a loan for rearmament
  • Naval construction for 1938 hadn’t been completed so Hitler thought GBR didn’t have a strong military
44
Q

What did Hitler say that shows he did not intend for the invasion of Poland to become a world war?

A

“The task is to isolate Poland. It must not come to a simultaneous confrontation w/ the West”

45
Q

Why did it seem possible that the Allies would go to war over Czechoslovakia?

A

FRA, Yugoslavia + Romania had mutual aid treaty w/ Czechoslovakia

46
Q

In the end, how did Hitler gain Czechslovakia?

A

Took advantage of disputes in different parts of Czechslovakia ‘to restore order’

47
Q

Why did GER + POL have a history of enmity?

A
  • Treaty gave land (Polish Corridor) to POL w/ about 800,000 Germans + free port of Danzig
  • POL could not trust them as they were aware GER wanted all of it
  • Polish Corridor split East Prussia from rest of GER, which was inconvenient
48
Q

When did Hitler sign a non-aggression pact w/ POL and why?

A
  • 1934
  • POL would stand between GER + USSR in an attack
  • Not been in power for long so needed to build up army before aggression
49
Q

Between 1935 and 1937, what was ongoing between the Poles + Germans?

A

Various high-level meetings suggesting developing the pact into an alliance, even suggesting a mutual war against USSR

50
Q

How did the Poles feel about the suggestions in the meetings between them and why?

A
  • Resisted
  • Knew Nazis wanted Poland as a satellite state at the least
51
Q

Give one example of where League of Nations failed to have an impact in foreign affairs:

A

1935 Invasion of Abyssinia –> ignored by ITA, partial economic sanctions

52
Q

Why did Britain pursue a course of appeasement?

A

They needed to avoid war because:
- Few reliable allies
- Protect their own empire
- Feared aerial bombing
- British public did not want to lose their loved ones to war again
- Not enough money

53
Q

What was France’s attitude to GER and why did it change later on?

A
  • Resented them as they failed to meat Treaty terms so invaded them in Ruhr in 1923
  • It failed so FRA turned to appeasement
54
Q

How did GBR + FRA’s appeasement affect foreign policy?

A

Encouraged GER to seize more territory

55
Q

Unlike GBR, why did FRA fear war?

A

Weak in many aspects:
- Military –> 1/4 of young men lost in WW1
- Political –> Strong communist + fascist parties meant any kin of controversial foreign policy could cause unrest
- Economic

56
Q

What was Hitler’s relationship w/ ITA and how did it affect foreign policy?

A
  • ITA was inferior to GER in an alliance
  • Pact of Steel encouraged him to go to war
57
Q

What sacrifice did Hitler make in order to gain ITA’s support?

A

Gave up on South Tyrol claims as ITA wanted it

58
Q

What was Stalin’s view on war, why and how did he feel about his alliances?

A
  • Did not want war as he was open to attack from E and W
  • Did not trust them
59
Q

How did USA’s actions affect GER’s foreign policy?

A

Produced permanent Neutrality Act in 1937, openly saying it would not go to war

60
Q

What was Japan’s relationship w/ GER and why did each go for the alliance?

A
  • Uneasy alliance
    Japan:
  • GER supported its new state Manchukuo
    GER:
  • Japan was an enemy of USSR
  • Useful to have ally geographically on other side of USSR
  • Could mean they could attack USA in far East
61
Q

What other cause contributed to WW2?

A

The Depression (1929)

62
Q

How did the Depression partially cause WW2?

A
  • Made countries more inward looking –> traded less as other countries were in same position
  • For example, in GBR, the countries they did trade with, stayed even after economy recovered, which meant the new Eastern European countries were more likely to trade w/ GER
63
Q

Give some problems in the economy that suggest may have been why GER invaded POL:

A
  • Shoratge of raw materials
  • Labour shortage
  • Low food supply
64
Q
A

Germany And West Germany 1918 - 89 (13 decks)

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