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Germany And West Germany 1918 - 89 > Aspects of Life in Germany and West Germany FRG > Flashcards

Aspects of Life in Germany and West Germany FRG Flashcards

1
Q

Give 1 stat showing surplus women in FRG:

A
  • 1948 –> 7.3 mil more women than men
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2
Q

For many people and political groups, what was the image of an ideal woman and what policies support this?

A
  • Wife and mother
  • Tax breaks and benefits to encourage mothers to stay at home at least for first 3 years of child’s life
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3
Q

What article of Basic Law stated there should be equality for all citizens?

A

Article 3

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4
Q

When was the Civil Code revised to give women legal freedom and what was it like for them before this?

A
  • 1958
  • Husband’s permission needed to work
  • Husband got full control of woman’s property
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5
Q

Give one stat showing the lack of female involvement in politics:

A

1972 –> women comprised only 5.8% of Bundestag despite forming majority of electorate

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6
Q

What law made in what year gave women equal rights in marriage and what else did it overturn?

A
  • Marriage and Family Law
  • 1977
  • The fact that women could only work if it didn’t interfere w/ role as wife/mother
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7
Q

What was it that caused an increase in the number of women working between 1950 and 1970?

A

Shortage of labour during economic miracle

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8
Q

When were equality officers appointed and what was their role?

A
  • 1980
  • To address issues of unequal treatment for women
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9
Q

What does 1982 survey show about pop’s view on women working?

A

70% of men and women thought men should work and women should care for the home

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10
Q

How were greater freedoms granted in divorce?

A

1977 –> No guilt divorce law passed granting divorces for marriages that had broken down

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11
Q

What did the feminist movement fight for and how?

A
  • Full equality
  • Published radical magazines like Emma
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12
Q

Give one example of a feminist action group:

A

Jan 1968 –> Action Council for Women’s Liberation (West Berlin)

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13
Q

What did the most radical groups protest against?

A

Para 218 (crime to seek abortion unless for strong medical reason)

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14
Q

When was a law allowing abortion in first 12 weeks of pregnancy allowed and on what basis what happened to this?

A
  • 1976 –> Indication Law
  • Based on social indicators ie other circumstances
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15
Q

What were the 3 key problems with education?

A
  • Education system was geared towards Nazis eg resources
  • Huge majority of teachers are Nazis
  • Previously centralised by Nazis
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16
Q

Give 2 areas that the 1955 Düsseldorf Agreement regulated:

A
  • Length of school holidays
  • Examination standards
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17
Q

Despite the reform, what issue was there on the standardisation of education?

A

Federal govs often varied on their approach

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18
Q

How did the gov overcome the Nazi-focused education system?

A
  • Rehabilitating programmes for teachers to re-educate about aims of education
  • Textbooks hurriedly rewritten
  • Teachers sent from countries of Allied zones
  • Training courses for teachers
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19
Q

What kind of secondary school structure did the gov settle on and how did this vary from the Nazis?

A
  • Tripartite structure
  • Based significantly upon previous selective system
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20
Q

In 1960s what 3 issues were raised about the quality of education in FRG?

A
  • Few Germans went onto uni study
  • Selection system should be fairer, not just for wealthy
  • Concerns about gender inequalities as more girls left schooling at young age compared to boys
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21
Q

How did Brandt make an attempt at reform and how was this still ineffective?

A
  • Established Federal Ministry of Education and Science to oversee education
  • Reforms were limited due to respective power of other federal govs
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22
Q

Give 2 examples of higher education reform:

A
  • In 1960s and 70s –> 24 new unis emerged
  • 1971 –> Federal govs began providing financial aid to students to make HE more accessible
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23
Q

Nevertheless, how was higher education reform flawed?

A

The selective structure still remained which meant unis were still elitist at the top

24
Q

What aspects of culture were easy to de-Nazify and regenerate?

A
  • Removing Nazi controls
  • Re-establishing a free press
25
Q

What aspects of culture were harder to de-Nazify and regenerate?

A

Harder to retain culture, as it was easier to adopt the culture of Allied zones eg Hollywood movies

26
Q

How were aspects of traditional German culture tainted?

A

Increasing US influence due to occupation of Allies eg adoption of blue jeans

27
Q

What umbrella youth organisation was created and what was its aim?

A
  • German Youth Ring
  • Workshops to train leaders, offer expertise in activities like singing
28
Q

Give one example of a popular social movement and 2 of its features:

A
  • Anti nuclear movement
    Features:
  • Rejected consumerism
  • Desired more peaceful, equal society
29
Q

Give an example of 2 different movies showing the cultural divide in film:

A
  • Until 1960s –> One of most popular films was Heimatfilm w/ escapist, romantic plot
  • During 1960s –> Der junge Törless examined German persecution of Jews
30
Q

What movement was created in cinema in FRG and give 2 of its features:

A
  • New Cinema movement
  • Reflected new rather than old cinematic ideas
  • Pursued artistic excellence over commercial success
31
Q

Give one example of literature showing reality of post-war Germany:

A
  • The Tin Drum by Günter Grass –> novel on Nazi and immediate post-war period
32
Q

Give one example of a difference in the viewpoints of youngsters and older gen:

A

Older gen:
- Wanted traditional German culture
- Wanted comfortable consumerist lifestyle
Younger gen:
- Less consumerist lifestyle
- Culture that faced both present + Nazi past (rejected Year Zero)

33
Q

What were the successes of football in FRG?

A

Won World Cup in 1954 and 1974

34
Q

On 1 Apr 1947, how many refugees and expellees were there?

A

10 mil

35
Q

Why was there a need for workers?

A

Economic boom of 1950s

36
Q

Why were unions worried about recruiting foreign workers?

A
  • Wages may be forced down
  • Existing workers may be undercut by accepting less favourable working conditions
37
Q

In order to prevent the issue of existing workers being undercut, what solutions were put in place?

A

Gov guaranteed non-German workers same wages and preference to German workers when hiring

38
Q

What office was set up in Nuremburg and what was its purpose? with whom FRG had labour recruitment treaties with?

A
  • Federal Office for Labour Recruitment
  • Run offices in countries FRG had labour recruitment treaties with
39
Q

Give 3 countries that West Germany formed labour recruitment treaties with:

A
  • Italy
  • Yugoslavia
  • Turkey
40
Q

Procedure of guest worker recruitment:

A
  • Had to pass physical exam for fitness to work
  • Signed a 1 yr renewable contract
  • Basic accommodation provided, often outside towns in order to cut them off from community
41
Q

What kind of jobs did foreign workers take and give one stat to show this:

A
  • Took jobs Germans were happy to leave such as those w/ low wages + no accommodation
  • Between 1961 and 1971 –> 870,000 Germans left mining jobs later taken up by 1.1 mil guest workers
42
Q

In what 2 ways were guest workers not treated as Germans, especially in the recession of 1966-67?

A
  • Did not have rights of German citizens
  • Unions less helpful about long-term assimilation
  • In the recession, many landlords refused to take guest workers as tenants
43
Q

By 1964, how much money had been allocated to extending family accommodation for guest workers?

A

DM500 million

44
Q

What organisations, however, did help out guest workers?

A
  • Caritas (Catholic organisation)
  • Diakonisches Werk (Protestant organisation)
45
Q

What was the impact of oil crisis on guest workers?

A
  • Nov 1973 –> Stopped hiring and banned permits
  • 1975 –> States began offering financial incentives for workers to return home
  • Mass layoffs were likely
46
Q

What systems were present that could protect guest workers and what was the limitation of one of these?

A
  • Points system –> Legally, workers had to be laid off according to how vulnerable they were, which could protect guest workers
  • Many workers did not realise this existed and rather took voluntary severance packages based on time working
  • 1975 –> Gov gave same benefits to guest workers’ children as others
47
Q

When was the ban as a result of the oil crisis removed?

A

1977

48
Q

What was set up in 1978 as further protection for the workers and what was its purpose?

A
  • Federal Commissioner for Foreign Affairs
  • Work for rights of foreign workers and promote integration
49
Q

Give one stat to show the rise in guest worker children:

A

165,000 in 1976 to almost 200,000 in 1983

50
Q

What religion did the majority of guest worker children belong to, what age were most of these children when they began school and what skills did they lack?

A
  • Islam
  • 6
  • No pre-school education + language
51
Q

In what way was education challenging for Muslims and how did they attempt to overcome this?

A
  • Most pre-school education was Christian
  • Set up their own schools (Koran schools) that attracted a lot of hostility
52
Q

What did guest workers often belong to and how were they both positive and negative?

A
  • Ethnic associations
  • Positive because they helped newcomers settle in
  • Negative because they kept themselves separate
53
Q

Why were the crime rates for guest worker children very high?

A
  • Failure in education due to little provision for them (70% failed Abitur)
  • Unemployed due to little access to further education
54
Q

Give one example of far-right attacks on guest workers:

A

At least 6 bombings of Jewish memorials and guest worker accommodation

55
Q

Give stats to show living standards throughout FRG:

A
  • Car ownership increased from 2 mil in 1950 to 12 mil in 1965
  • Relative cheap cost of living compared to Western neighbours
  • Most citizens considered themselves middle class

Germany And West Germany 1918 - 89 (13 decks)

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