Foreign Policy

Question 1

4 main aims of Henry’s foreign policy

Answer 1

War, glory and territory (especially France)
Peace in europe and good relations with other countries
National security
Personal motives

Question 2

1509-12

Answer 2

• peace treaty with France 1510 due to avoidance of war
• marriage to COA, June 1510 which cemented Anglo-Spanish alliance
• 1511 joined holy roman league against France

Question 3

1512-14

Answer 3

• 1512 french campaign FAILURE, henry and ferdinand expedition to France, 12k troops dispatched, fighting for Spain not ENG, made peace with France and abandoned Ferdinand. NOTHING ACHIEVED
  -1513 French Campaign, FAILURE AND SUCCESS, captured city of Tournai but expensive to protect could be good bargaining tool, Maximillian joint attack on France, henry attacked Thérouanne and they surrendered. FIRST MILITARY SUCCESS OVER FRANCE.
• 1513 Battle of flodden, SUCCESS, French and Scotts invaded ENG but ENG outnumbered scotts.
  CRUSHING VICTORY at battle of flodden. Military threat reduced from Scots as King was now only a boy as James IV slain

Question 4

1514-18

Anglo french treaty and treaty of london

Answer 4

• 1514 Anglo-French Treaty
  -> england returned Tournai
  -> Henry younger sister married to Louis XII
  > ENG + FRANCE joint campaign against Ferdinand to claim Castille for CoA
• 1518 Treaty of London
  -> settlement of universal peace, binding France, the Papancy, Spain and England to fight against the Ottoman Turks
  -> Significant because brought fame to Henry, non-aggression pact, diplomatic triumph for Wolsey as placed ENG centre of European affairs => Not Significant because 3 years later war broken out between the Hasburg and Valois Dynasties (HRE/Spain and France)

Question 5

1518-21

Answer 5

• June 1520 field of cloth of gold
  —-> showed wealth and extravagance
  —-> henry VIII and Francis I meet
• 1521 reopened the war against the Hamburg’s
  —-> Charles V argued France broke treaty of london

Question 6

1522-29

Answer 6

• Support for the Hasburgs: War with France, 1522-25
-> ENG declare war on FRANCE 1522
-> Duke of Suffolk 1523 led large force costing 400k
-> FAILURE because costly, ineffective and unpopular
-> ENG’s position of holding the balance of power was shattered by Charles V victory over French army
-> Charles didnt back henry as victorious in Italy
• Support for France, 1525-29
-> League of cognac 1526 (alliance eng, france, italy vs hasburg dominance over Italy)
-> ENG threatened Charles with armed intervention if didnt make peace with enemies
-> FAILURE because hasburg troops sacked rome in 1527 and took pope clement vii prisoner (head of catholic church) and henry needed divorce from CofA and Charles was Catherines nephew
-> In desperation Wolsey called war on Charles V (Charles won)
> resulted in (PEACE OF CAMBRAI) and reduced ENG to impotence
-> Wolsey loses power 1929

Question 7

1530-35

Answer 7

Disintegration of the French Alliance 1530-35
=> Cromwell inherited Wolseys French alliance 1533
-> 1532 a defensive anglo-french alliance created
-> Pope offered henry help and French didn’t like being linked with heretical power so France keen to keep peace with Charles V
• Fears of a catholic coalition => England diplomatically isolated
-> Henry + Cromwell hoped unity of France + Charles broke and relied of alliance with princes of Gemany
- >Tensions with Charles eased with death of CofA
=> War broke out with Charles and Francis I (king of France)

Question 8

1538-40

Answer 8

The crisis
→ Francis and Charles 10 year truce
—> Excommunication 1538 - papal bill excommunicated henry
Real danger of catholic invasion resulting in
—> pole family
—>six articles
—> peace treaty scotland + james v
—> lutheran diplomatic embassy entertained
—> Henry and anne of cleves marriage alliance

Question 9

End results

Answer 9

• hasburg-Valois alliance (CHARLES AND FRANCE ALLIANCE BROKEN)
• cleves marriage (fail)
• Henry survival
• Henry future foreign policy resumed and england safe from invasions