Foregrounding in language deviation

Question 1

Stylistics=

Answer 1

description & interpretation of distinctive ling choices & patterns in texts

Question 2

foregrounding>

Answer 2

psychological phenomenon by which a stretch of text is perceived as particularly salient , surprising, memorable, interesting etc

Question 3

2 ways to achieve foregrounding>

Answer 3

• deviation
• paralllelism

Question 4

deviation=

Answer 4

breaking of conventional expectations about lang use

Question 5

parallelism=

Answer 5

the creation of linguistic patterns

Question 6

defamiliarisation=

Answer 6

making us look afresh at familiar things by making them ‘unfamiliar’

Question 7

deviation at different linguistic levels>

Answer 7

• graphological
• grammar
• semantics
• lexis

Question 8

graphological deviation=

Answer 8

visual appearance of written text on page (i.e. spelling, font layout)

Question 9

grammatical deviation=

Answer 9

to do with going against typical constructions of structure (phrases, clauses & sentences)

Question 10

semantic deviation=

Answer 10

meaning relationships within phrases, clauses, sentences & texts which are logically incosistent or paradoxical in some way

Question 11

lexical deviation=

Answer 11

> to do with structure and use of individual words
can involcve, functional conversion & derviation; also take words associated with 1 variety of eng & inserting into another

Question 12

most extreme example of lexical deviance=

Answer 12

neologisms

Question 13

stylistics (or secondary) deviation>

Answer 13

genre links (expectation of genre)
>can adhere, mix or deviate

Question 14

discoursal deviation

Answer 14

> can be to do with voice/world
lingusitic behaviour at discoursal level has norms (i.e. speeches and ‘in conc, and’; in media res as unusual)

Question 15

deviant worlds>

Answer 15

contains elements we dont see as real; can be escapist (takes away from whats possible in real world)

Question 16

3 parts of the ‘essential core of criticism’>

Answer 16

description>interpretation>evaluation

Question 17

parallelism rule=

Answer 17

when the reader searches for meaning constructions between the parallel structures

Question 18

lexical grouping=

Answer 18

e.g. wish, desire, wants

Question 19

cohesion of foregrounding=

Answer 19

examining foregrounded parts & providing interpretation for what links these together

Question 20

deviant voice=

Answer 20

> who has the voice/speaker as unusual
i.e. if speaker is ‘dead’ then deviant voice

Question 21

types of grammatical deviation=

Answer 21

> rearranging word order
list construction

Question 22

types of morphological deviation=

Answer 22

> unusual suffixes/affixes
shifting around word boundaries (elongating/elision)

Question 23

types of phonological & graphological deviation>

Answer 23

-misspellings
-capitalisation
-punctuation

Question 24

external deviation=

Answer 24

deviation from some norm which is external to the text

Question 25

types of external deviation (norms)>

Answer 25

> period norms (archaic, modern)
genre norms
personal norms

Question 26

internal deviation=

Answer 26

deviation against a norm set up by the text itself (predictable pattern has to be set up before can be deviated from)

Question 27

what is internal deviation often the reverse side of?

Answer 27

parallelism