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Anatomy 6512 Unit 3 > Forebrain > Flashcards

Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are all part of the

a. telencephalon
b. diencephalon
c. metencephalon
d. mesencephalon
e. rhombencephalon

A

b. diencephalon

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2
Q

Forebrain includes all of the following EXCEPT:

a. internal capsule
b. diencephalon
c. limbic system
d. mesencephalon
e. telencephalon

A

d. mesencephalon

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3
Q

The pineal gland and habenula belong to which portion of the diencephalon?

a. epithalamus
b. thalamus
c. hypothalamus
d. they belong to the telencephalon

A

a. epithalamus

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4
Q

All of the following relay in the thalamus EXCEPT:

a. all sensory pathways except vision
b. limbic system
c. basal ganglia projections
d. cerebellum projections

A

a. all sensory pathways except vision

all sensory pathways except OLFACTION relay in the thalamus

vision DOES relay in the thalamus

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5
Q

The various systems that relay in the thalamus use ______ parts so the thalamus is compromised of _____ nuclei

a. the same parts (lots of overlap); indistinct
b. different parts (with some overlap); distinct
c. the same parts (lots of overlap); distinct
d. different parts (with some overlap); indistinct

A

b. different parts (with some overlap); distinct

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6
Q

Thalamic nuclei subdivisions are defined by internal medullary lamina (IML). Choose the correct thalamic nuclei subdivisions:

a. anterior, medial, lateral, intralaminar, middle, reticular
b. anterior, medial, longitudinal, intralaminar, midline, reticular
c. anterior, medial, longitudinal, intralaminar, midline, reticular
d. anterior, medial, lateral, intralaminar, midline, reticular

A

d. anterior, medial, lateral, intralaminar, midline, reticular

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7
Q

Which of the following belong to the lateral subdivision of thalamic nuclei?

a. lateral dorsal (dorsal tier), ventral anterior (ventral tier)
b. VPL and VPM (ventral tier)
c. lateral geniculate nucleus ( ventral tier)
d. a and c
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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8
Q

Which subdivision of thalamic nuclei is located along the lateral aspect, responsible for regulation (which makes sense, since everything has to pass through it)?

a. reticular nucleus
b. anterior nucleus
c. lateral dorsal nucleus
d. LGN

A

a. reticular nucleus

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9
Q

The bulk of the thalamus comes from which subdivision?

a. anterior
b. reticular
c. posterior
d. lateral

A

d. lateral (it is the largest subdivision)

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10
Q

(1) All thalamic nuclei outputs, except the reticular nuclei, are based on the same general theme, which (2) consists of projection neurons - that provide output from the thalamus (excitatory) - and interneurons (inhibitory).

a. the first statement is true, the second statement is false
b. the first statement is false, the second statement is true
c. they are both true statements
d. they are both false statements

A

c. they are both true statements

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11
Q

Thalamic nuclei are categorized based on ______ with three categories, including ____ nuclei, _____ nuclei, and _____ & ____ nuclei

A

patterns of outputs and specific inputs

relay nuclei
association nuclei
intralaminar & midline nuclei

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12
Q

Relay nuclei receive well defined specific input from a _______ source, like _____ which conveys tactile info from body

A

Relay nuclei receive input from subcortical source

medial lemniscus = tactile info from body

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13
Q

Projection neuron for relay nuclei sends info to a well-defined area of _____. Activity is regulated by ______ (directly and indirectly)

A

projection neuron to well-defined area of CORTEX (like the somatosensory cortex)

activity regulated by REGULATORY INPUT

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14
Q

Which of the following relay nuclei groupings is incorrect regarding the Nucleus, its Specific inputs, and Cortical output?

a. lateral dorsal - hippocampus - cingulate gyrus
b. anterior - mammillothalamic tract, hippocampus - cingulate gyrus
c. VPL - medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract (ALP) - somatosensory cortex
d. LGN - optic tract - visual cortex
e. VA/VL - basal ganglia (VA), cerebellum (VL) - insula

A

e. VA/VL - basal ganglia (VA), cerebellum (VL) - insula

the cortical output for VA/VL is motor areas, not insula

insula is the cortical output for VPM’s central tegmental tract (taste) input

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15
Q

The VPM nucleus has specific inputs from the trigeminal system. It also has input from the central tegmental tract (for taste). Both of these inputs share a common output, which is the somatosensory cortex.

a. the first statement is true, the second statement is false
b. the first statement is false, the second statement is true
c. they are both true statements
d. they are both false statements

A

a. the first statement is true, the second statement is false

insula is the cortical output for VPM’s central tegmental tract (taste) input

somatosensory cortex is the output for the trigeminal system

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16
Q

True or False. Association nuclei receive specific inputs from and project out to the association cortex (aka prefrontal cortex).

A

TRUE

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17
Q

The DM and Pulvinar nuclei are two huge areas of the ______ cortex. DM has inputs from the _____ cortex, outputs to the _____ cortex and is responsible for ________.

A

association

PREFRONTAL cortex = DM
-foresight and organization

inputs: prefrontal cortex, olfactory and limbic structures (amygdala)
outputs: prefrontal cortex!

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18
Q

The Pulvinar-LP complex is located in which areas of the cortex? What is its function?

A

Parietal-occipital-temporal: Pulvinar-LP complex

Function largely unknown; may be involved in visual perception or attention

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19
Q

The LP portion of the Pulvinar-LP complex has inputs from ____ lobe(s) and output to ____ cortex

A

parietal lobe

parietal cortex

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20
Q

Intralaminar and midline nuclei receive a distinct set of specific inputs (____), and project to ____

A

inputs from BASAL GANGLIA & LIMBIC structures

-project to cortex, basal ganglia & limbic structures

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21
Q

All of the following statements about the reticular nucleus are true, EXCEPT:

a. Input: cortex & thalamus
b. Output: inhibitory axons to thalamus
c. The reticular nucleus is an important source of regulatory input to thalamus
d. Nucleus is a sheet of neurons, covers thalamus, axons must traverse nucleus to enter and leave thalamus and send collaterals to it
e. The reticular nucleus has projections to the cortex

A

e. The reticular nucleus has projections to the cortex

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22
Q

Which fibers pass through the internal capsule?

a. thalamocortical fibers
b. corticothalamic fibers
c. almost all fibers going to and from the cortex
d. a & b
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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23
Q

Fibers passing through internal capsule collect and form the ______

A

cerebral peduncle

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24
Q

Which fibers descend down the cerebral peduncle, after collecting when passing through the internal capsule?

a. corticobulbar fibers
b. corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers
c. corticobular, corticospinal, and corticopontine fibers
d. corticothalamic and thalamocortical fibers
e. none of the above are correct

A

c. corticobular, corticospinal, and corticopontine fibers

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25
Q

Which of the following divisions of the internal capsule and their relationships to the lenticular nucleus is incorrect?

a. Anterior limb: lenticular nucleus, caudate
b. Posterior limb: lenticular nucleus, thalamus
c. Central limb: between anterior & posterior limbs
d. Retrolenticular Limb: behind lenticular nucleus
e. Sublenticular part: beneath lenticular nucleus

A

c. Central limb: between anterior & posterior limbs

- GENU = between anterior and posterior limbs

26
Q

Which of the folllowing does not belong to the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

a. VA/VL to motor areas
b. Motor areas to brainstem and spinal cord
c. DM to prefrontal cortex
d. VPL/VPM to somatosensory cortex

A

c. DM to prefrontal cortex

= anterior limb

(along with anterior nucleus to cingulate gyrus)

27
Q

The hypothalamus:

a. maintains homeostasis, controls the pituitary gland (growth and stress response), and controls increase HR and peristalsis
b. communicates with the cortex via the intermediate limbic system for motor function, also referred to as the fight or flight response
c. is crucial for feeding, fornicating, fleeing, and fighting
d. is critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional, and somatic functions
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

28
Q

The hypothalamus has complex bordering, which when thought of as a cube, can be broken down into all of the following associations EXCEPT:

a. Anterior border: lamina terminalis
b. Lateral border: internal capsule
c. Posterior border: midbrain tegmentum
d. Medial border: 3rd ventricle
e. Inferior border: hypothalamic sulcus

A

e. Inferior border: hypothalamic sulcus

the SUPERIOR border = hypothalamic sulcus

the inferior border = Optic Chiasm, Tuber Cinereum, Median Eminence, Mammillary Bodies

29
Q

______ is major output of hippocampus

A

fornix

30
Q

The hypothalamus has a distinct longitudinal organization as well as a medial-lateral organization. Which association is incorrect?

a. Medial: hypothalamic subnuclei, talks to lateral portion
b. Lateral: rostral continuation of reticular formation
c. Medial: contains variety of nuclei and tracts (medial forebrain bundle)
d. Fornix: between lateral and medial, major output of hippocampus

A

c. Medial: contains variety of nuclei and tracts (medial forebrain bundle)

LATERAL contains variety of nuclei and tracts (medial forebrain bundle)

31
Q

The periventricular hypothalamus is a rostral continuation of _________ from _____, and contains _______.

A

Periventricular: rostral continuation of periaqueductal gray from midbrain (continuous with hypothalamus, limbic function)

Contains nuclei and tracts (dorsal longitudinal fasciculus)

32
Q

The _________ artery is a branch of ICA that plays a role in hypothalamic control of the pituitary. It supplies the capillary bed in _______, and capillaries drain into portal vessels in _______, as well as supplies the median eminence.

A

Superior hypophyseal a.

Supply the capillary bed in infundibulum, capillaries drain into portal vessels in adenohypophysis (or anterior pituitary)

33
Q

The inferior hypophyseal artery is a branch of _______ artery, and supplies ________. Capillaries drain into ______ which then delivers _______ pituitary hormones to systemic circulation

A

ICA BRANCH

  • supplies neurohypophysis (aka posterior pituitary)
  • Capillaries drain into CAVERNOUS SINUS, which delivers ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR pituitary hormones to systemic circulation
34
Q

What controls pituitary secretions?

A

Pituitary secretions are controlled by 2 types of neuroendocrine cells

35
Q

Where do axons of neuroendocrine cells synapse? Are they true endocrine cells or not, and why?

A

On the walls of the capillaries

True endocrine cells because they release secretions into capillaries

36
Q

Somas of neuroendocrine cells are in the ______ area, located in lower half of _______ regions. Parvocellular type end in ________. _____ type end in posterior lobe.

A

hypophysiotrophic area

preoptic and tuberal regions

Parvo = end in median eminence

Magnocellular= end in posterior lobe

37
Q

Parvocellular neurons give rise to _______ tract to infundibular capillary bed

A

tuberoinfundibular

38
Q

Anterior pituitary control is regulated by many releasing or inhibiting hormones, which are all peptides, EXCEPT:

a. Corticotropin RH: ACTH
b. Thyrotropin RH: thyrotrophin
c. Growth hormone RH & IH: growth hormone
d. Prolactin IH: prolactin
e. Prolactin RH: prolactin

A

d. Prolactin IH: prolactin

prolactin IH = DOPAMINE

39
Q

What two posterior pituitary hormones are released by separate neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei?

a. ADH and gonadotropic hormone RH
b. Oxytocin and dopamine
c. ADH and dopamine
d. ADH and Oxytocin
e. all of the above

A

d. ADH and Oxytocin

40
Q

ADH, or vasopressin, causes _____ in water uptake by the kidney, and _____ in urine output

a. increase, increase
b. decrease, decrease
c. increase, decrease
d. decrease, increase

A

c. increase, decrease

41
Q

In patients with diabetes insipidus, you would expect a loss of ______, causing a/an _____ in urine output and there is no ___ in it

A

loss of ADH

increase in urine output

no glucose

42
Q

Oxytocin is produced by the _____ and secreted by the _____. It is responsible for ____ of uterine muscles during labor contractions and associated with breastfeeding, and infant suckling

A

hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland

contraction of uterine muscles (and other smooth muscles)

43
Q

The reflex in Mom that occurs with breastfeeding/infant suckling is from the nipple to ________

a. spinoreticular tract
b. spinohypothalamic tract
c. spinoreticular tract and spinohypothalamic tract
d. none of the above

A

spinoreticular tract and spinohypothalamic tract

44
Q

Stimulation of anterior hypothalamus produces ______ effects which include ____ HR, ____ of pupil, peristalsis, and salivation

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

  • slow HR
  • constriction of pupil
45
Q

When the posterior hypothalamus is stimulated, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

a. sympathetic effects are produced
b. there is an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, and decrease in peristalsis (intestinal stasis)
c. pupils dilate
d. salivary flow increases

A

d. salivary flow increases

salivary flow DECREASES in the sympathetic system
-think “post taking VYVANSE”: (a sympathetic NS stimulant = fight or flight response) causes dry mouth, decreased appetite, increased heart rate and blood pressure, wide eyes to help you see better (but prep teeth worse oy)

46
Q

Axons from the anterior and posterior hypothalamus project down the ______ in _________

A

Brainstem AND spinal cord

= dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

47
Q

Eating, a function of the ______, is sensitive to blood glucose. Appetite is “set” via the interplay of _____ and ______ nuclei, and can be altered by ______. For this reason, we often see high levels of this in ______ and low levels in ______

A 
hypothalamus 
lateral and ventromedial nuclei
-appestat/appetite set point altered by serotonin 
-anorexics: high levels 
-bulimics: reduced levels
48
Q

When the lateral nucleus is stimulated, ______ increases. When it is lesioned, a patient might present with _______.

A

Feeding increases with lateral nucleus stimulation

lesions cause one to refuse food

49
Q

The ventromedial hypothalamus:

a. causes refusal of food when stimulated, and feeding when lesioned bilaterally
b. causes feeding when stimulated, and refusal of food when lesioned bilaterally
c. is key to rage and fear, so lesions would cause mean and aggressive behavior in patients
d. a and c are correct
e. b and c are correct

A

d. a and c are correct

50
Q

When it comes to ACTH release from the anterior pituitary and a subsequent increase in cortisol from the adrenal gland, generally:

a. females and males respond the same
b. males fight or flight, while females tend and befriend
c. females fight or flight, while males tend and befriend
d. females show activation of cingulate gyrus, while males show activation of lateral prefrontal cortex
e. b and d are both correct statements

A

e. b and d are both correct statements

51
Q

In females, the hypothalamic fight or flight response:

a. is counteracted by oxytocin which is released in capillary bed of neurohypophysis, as well as estrogen
b. actually produces a calming effect in females due to counteraction of sympathetic over activity due to stress
c. shows activation of a cortical emotional control center
d. a and b
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

52
Q

______ nucleus gets direct input from _____, sets normal sleep/wake cycle with _____ gland

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus gets direct input from retina, sets normal sleep/wake cycle with pineal gland

53
Q

Lesions in _________: hypersomnolence (increased sleep) or coma

A

posterior hypothalamus

54
Q

______ nucleus in this region contains histaminergic neurons with wide projections, arousal functions likely. This is activated by orexin which is liberated by the lateral nucleus, and causes ______ when it fails to function properly in a patient.

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus in this region contains histaminergic neurons

Also activated by a protein hormone called orexin which is liberated by the lateral nucleus. Failure of orexin function leads to narcolepsy

55
Q

The hypothalamus plays a role in sexual arousal, with a subset of neurons in the ____ aspect of the ______ nucleus (contains androgen receptors) which is ____ as large in males than females. Females contain estrogen rich receptors in the ______ nucleus.

A

A subset of neurons in the MEDIAL aspect of the PREOPTIC nucleus (contains androgen receptors) is OVER TWICE as large in males than females

Females contain estrogen rich receptors in the VENTROMEDIAL nucleus

56
Q

What structure is responsible for the hypothalamic function of memory? Where does this send info? What is its relation to the hippocampus?

A

Mammillary bodies, send information to anterior nucleus of thalamus (limbic relay nucleus)

  • part of Papez circuit from hippocampus
57
Q

Hypothalamic inputs come from many different places, but 2 general areas are key:

  • parts of the forebrain (especially ____ system)
  • -convey info needed for mediating autonomic/somatic aspects of _______
  • brainstem and spinal cord
  • -convey _____ info
A
  • especially limbic system
  • -Convey info needed for the hypothalamus to mediate autonomic/somatic aspects of EMOTIONAL states
  • Brainstem & spinal cord
  • -Convey VISCERAL and SENSORY information
58
Q

The following hypothalamic inputs reach the hypothalamus via the medial forebrain bundle, EXCEPT:

a. Septal nuclei and ventral striatum
b. insula
c. brainstem and spinal cord
d. orbitofrontal cortex
e. amygdala

A

e. amygdala

59
Q

Hypothalamic input from hippocampus arrives via _____

A

fornix

60
Q

True or False: many inputs use dorsal longitudinal fasciculus and medial forebrain bundle

A

TRUE

61
Q

True or False: Hypothalamic outputs use many of the same pathways used by the inputs, with the exception of those to the spinal cord and brain

A

False, including spine and brain

outputs mirror inputs

Anatomy 6512 Unit 3 (12 decks)

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