Forebrain - 2.27.17

Question 1

Frontal lobe has __ major parts. The __-___ is used for ___ ___, ___ and ___ ___ __. The ___ half is the __ __ and used for movement.

Answer 1

Frontal lobe has 2 major parts. The pre-frontal is used for conscious thinking, higher cognitive function and decision making. The caudal half is the motor cortex and used for movement.

Question 2

___ lobe is the most caudal part of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 2

Occipital

Question 3

The front half of the ___ lobe is somatic sensation. The caudal half is for ___, but it is mixed with the body map.

Answer 3

The front half of the parietal lobe is somatic sensation. The caudal half is for vision, but is it mixed with the body map.

A significant portion of the parietal lobe is believed to function in visuospatial processing, such as self-awareness of the location of one’s body parts. This allows you to walk around without stubbing your toe on all types of objects because you are unconsciously aware of the location of your toes and feet as you walk.

The posterior side of the parietal lobe processes visual input and works to coordinate hand and eye movement.

Question 4

If you were to close your eyes, you would still know where your limbs are in space. What part of the brain is responsible for this?

Answer 4

The part in the PL where somatosensory (front) and visual (posterior) part meet.

Question 5

A significant portion of the ___ lobe is believed to function in visuospatial processing, such as self-awareness of the location of one’s body parts. This allows you to walk around without stubbing your toe on all types of objects because you are unconsciously aware of the location of your toes and feet as you walk.

Answer 5

A significant portion of the parietal lobe is believed to function in visuospatial processing, such as self-awareness of the location of one’s body parts. This allows you to walk around without stubbing your toe on all types of objects because you are unconsciously aware of the location of your toes and feet as you walk.

Question 6

___ lobe is dedicated to hearing, but a lot of it is vision and association cortex where mutiple sensations come together and get analyzed.

Answer 6

Temporal lobe is dedicated to hearing, but a lot of is it vision and association cortex where mutiple sensations come together and get analyzed.

Question 7

Which sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Answer 7

Central sulcus

Question 8

The sulcus that separates the frontal+parietal from the lateral lobe is the __ sulcus

Answer 8

The sulcus that separates the frontal+parietal from the lateral lobe is the lateral sulcus

Question 9

In the occpital is the ___ sulcus. The reason it is important is because this is where infromation from the __ is projected into the brain. Our image of the outside world takes shape first in this sulcus.

Answer 9

In the occpital is the calcarine sulcus. The reason it is important is because this is where infromation from the retina is projected into the brain. Our image of the outside world takes shape first in this calcarine sulcus.

Question 10

___ gyrus is a major cortical area for the limbic system and deals with emotion, decision making, learning and memory, etc.

Answer 10

Cingulate gyrus is a major cortical area for the limbic system and deals with emotion, decision making, learning and memory, etc.

Question 11

____ gyrus is a major cortical area of the limbic system and has to do with emotion, learning, memory and decision making

Answer 11

Cingulate gyrus is a major cortifal area of the limbic system and has to do with emotion, learning, memory and decision making

Question 12

____ gyrus and ___ sulcus delineate the limbic system in the temporal lobe.

Answer 12

Parahippocampal gyrus and rhinal sulcus delineate the limbic system in the temporal lobe.

Question 13

The ___ is part of the cortex that is buried underneath the __ and __ cortex. If you pull the lips apart (the __ and ___), then you can see the ____. It is underneath the ___ sulcus.

Answer 13

The insula is part of the cortex that is buried underneath the frontal and temporal cortex. If you pull the lips apart (the frontoparietal operculum and temporal operculum), then you can see the insula. It is underneath the lateral sulcus.

The insula has many important functions. Probably the most important is what is in front of the green line. This is important for our internal body and our bodily state (how we feel about ourselves).

Question 14

The __ ___ cortex is part of the cortex that sticks out over the eyes. This is a limib cortexx and it is important for decision making lie “should I do somethign now or do somethig later?”

Answer 14

The orbital prefrontal cortex is part of the cortex that sticks out over the eyes. This is a limbic cortex and it is important for decision making like “should I do something now or do somethig later?”

Question 15

“Should I do something now, or should I do something later?”

Which part of the brain is responsible for this type of reasoning?

Answer 15

The orbital pre-fronal cortex.

Question 16

___ is for emotional learning, and the __ is for declarative memory that is learning of facts and events are hiding underneath the parahippocampal gyrus.

Answer 16

Amygdala is for emotional learning, and the hippocampus is for declarative memory that is learning of facts and events are hiding underneath the parahippocampal gyrus.

Question 17

The __ is like a little bump that you can almost see on the medial side ofthe parahyppocampal gyrus. Anything that causes pressure in the forebrain will push the the ___. This causes ____ herniation.

Answer 17

The uncus is like a little bump that you can almost see on the medial side ofthe parahyppocampal gyrus. Anything that causes pressure in the forebrain will push the the uncus. This causes uncal herniation.

Question 18

The fornix is a major fiber tract that leads to the ____ and goes down into the hypothalamus.

Answer 18

The fornix is a major fiber tract that leads to the hippocampus and goes down into the hypothalamus.

Question 19

The cortex is a sheet of ___ that surround the __.

Answer 19

The cortex is a sheet of cells that surround the forebrain.

Question 20

The cortex is highly organized. There are ___ of cells that run perpindicular to the cortical surface called cortical columns. These columns are teh functional unit of the cortex. In teh top right of

Answer 20

The cortex is highly organized. There are columns of cells that run perpindicular to the cortical surface called cortical columns. These columns are teh functional unit of the cortex. In teh top right of

Question 21

The __ is a structure tha basically funnels information from the rest of the brain into the cerebral cortex. ___ inputs are confined to the columns.

Answer 21

The thalamus is a structure that basically funnels information from the rest of the brain into the cerebral cortex. The thamalic inputs are confined to the columns.

Question 22

Neurons and axons are sorted into layers. The layers are functionally important because it defines the __ and __

Answer 22

inputs and the outputs.

Question 23

Brodmann’s Map:

Somatosensory -

Motor -

Visual -

Auditory -

Prefrontal association -

Association, verbal -

Answer 23

Brodmann’s Map:

Somatosensory - 3, 2, 1, 5

Motor - 4, 6, 8

Visual - 17, 18, 19, 20, 37, 7

Auditory - 41, 42

Prefrontal association - 9, 10, 11, 46, 47

Association, verbal - 39, 40, 21, 44

Question 24

Neurons that respond to low frequency stimulation in hearing are located in the __ of the cortical field. The neurons that respond to

Answer 24

Question 25

If you were to have a stroke in your middle cerebral artery, what would you lose?

Answer 25

sensory and motor function of the face and upper limb, along with the ability to speak.

Question 26

If you were to have a stroke in your anterior cerebral artery, what would you lose?

Answer 26

The lower body would be affected (not upper)

Question 27

All of the action in terms of processing info takes place in the __ matter, where the cells are. But the white matter is equally important because it is also supplied with blood vessels, and strokes in these blood vessels can cause different symptoms.

For example, the __ __ is the name for all of the mylinated axons that come out of the cortex when they are still sort of near the cortex. And after they have gone some distance they coalesce into a bigger bundle. One of the big bundles is the __ ___. It carries fibers to and from the thalamus. It carries fibers from the motor cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord. It has a fascinating set of symptoms. If you get a stroke confined in this area, because so many axons are compressed into such a small space, you see symptoms over a large part of the body.

All the fibers from the corona radiata go to the __ __ and then to the brainstem.

Answer 27

All of the action in terms of processing info takes place in the grey matter, where the cells are. But the white matter is equally important because it is also supplied with blood vessels, and strokes in these blood vessels can cause different symptoms.

For example, the corona radiata is the name for all of the mylinated axons that come out of the cortex when they are still sort of near the cortex. And, after they have gone some distance, they coalesce into a bigger bundle. One of the big bundles is the internal capsule. It carries fibers to and from the thalamus. It carries fibers from the motor cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord. It has a fascinating set of symptoms. If you get a stroke confined in the internal capsule, because so many axons are compressed into such a small space, you see symptoms over a large part of the body.

All the fibers from the corona radiata go to the internal capsule and then to the brainstem.

Question 28

The entire brain (almost) is connected via the __ __.

Answer 28

Corpus callosum

Question 29

The fornix connects what?

Answer 29

The hippocampus, parts of the hypothalamus and other parts of the forebrain (a very important limbic connection).

Question 30

The ___ fiber pathway connects the parts of the brain that processes language and produce speech. So, the parts of the brain that understand language are more ____. The parts of the brain that produce speech is more in the front in the motor cortex. They are connected to eachother, so the motor part cannot produce intelligible speech without the caudal part. The ___ connects the two parts. It can have damage which can disconnect the two parts. it can be damaged with one or the other or both of the parts. Depending on where the damage is, you can have different aphasias.

Answer 30

The arcuate fiber pathway connects the parts of the brain that processes language and produce speech. So, the parts of the brain that understand language are more caudal. The parts of the brain that produce speech is more in the front in the motor cortex. They are connected to eachother, so the motor part cannot produce intelligible speech without the caudal part. The arcuate connects the two parts. It can have damage which can disconnect the two parts. it can be damaged with one or the other or both of the parts. Depending on where the damage is, you can have different aphasias.

Question 31

Networks are plastic. They can be altered by __

Answer 31

experience

Question 32

The ___ ___ ___ of the NS eventually turns into a complex system of ventricles or fluid filled spaces within the brain.

Answer 32

The primordial central canal of the NS eventually turns into a complex system of ventricles or fluid filled spaces within the brain.

Question 33

The lateral ventricle has an anterior horn, which goes to the ___ lobe and a posterior horn which goes into the __ lobe. It has a temporal horn which goes into the ___ lobe. All of these produce ___ which fill the ventricles.

What secretes CSF?

The ___ ___ which is located within the ventricles. CSF is largely made in the __ __ and then finds its way down into the ___ ventricle and then the ___ ventricle. It then goes out from the brainstem and through the __ __. It then it circulates up around the brain and gets reabsorbed.

If there is a blockage in a ventricle, the __ __ will continue to produce CSF. In children (b/c their skull is not completely formed), if a blockage occurs, they can get ____.

Answer 33

The lateral ventricle has an anterior horn, which goes to the frontal lobe and a posterior horn which goes into the posterior lobe. It has a temporal horn which goes into the temporal lobe. All of these produce CSF which fill the ventricles.

What secretes CSF?

The choroid plexus, which is located within the ventricles. CSF is largely made in the lateral ventricles and then finds its way down into the third ventricles and then the fourth ventricle. It then goes out from the brainstem and through the __ __. It then it circulates up around the brain and gets reabsorbed.

If there is a blockage in a ventricle, the choroid plexus will continue to produce CSF. In children (b/c their skull is not completely formed), if a blockage occurs, they can get hypocephalus.

Question 34

The lateral ventricles empy into the __ ventricle, which then empties into the __ ventricle and then eventually into the spinal cord.

Answer 34

The lateral ventricles empy into the third ventricle, which then empties into the fourth ventricle and then eventually into the spinal cord.

Question 35

The ____ refers to a small group of contiguous subcortical structures: the caudate and putamen.

Answer 35

The striatum refers to a small group of contiguous subcortical structures: the caudate and putamen.

Question 36

The space between the globus pallidus and thalamus is the __ __.

Answer 36

Internal capsule.

Question 37

From most superficial to deep:

Striatum –> ___ –> ___ –> thalamus

Answer 37

Striatum –> globus pallidus –> internal capsule –> thalamus

Question 38

Answer 38

Question 39

The __ __ is part of the limbic system and is important for the reward system.

Answer 39

The nucleus accumbans is part of the limbic system and is important for the reward system.

Question 40

Answer 40

Question 41

Answer 41

Question 42

Answer 42

Question 43

The part of the internal capsule that sits between the caudate nucleus and putamen rostrally is called the ___ limb.

The part that sits between the globus pallidus and the thalamus is called the ___ limb.

Where it bends is called the ___.

What is RL?

Answer 43

A. Anterior limb

G. Genu

P. Posterior limb

The part of the internal capsule that sits between the caudate nucleus and putamen rostrally is called the anterior limb.

The part that sits between the globus pallidus and the thalamus is called the posterior limb.

Where it bends is called the genu.

RL - retrolinticular - mainly VISUAL fibers

Question 44

A major part of the forebrain is the diencephalon. It is composed of two structures:

Answer 44

Thalamus (receives input from other parts of the brain or external sensory structures and relays them to the cortex)

Hypothalamus (where homeostasis is controlled - changes in BP, or temperature, fluid comp. in body and makes adjustments for all this stuff via ANS or pituitary))

Both are clusters of nuclei

Question 45

Answer 45

Question 46

The thalamus is sudivided by the __ __ __.

Answer 46

Internal medullary lamina

Question 47

The __ nuclei of the thalamus lie between the Y shaped arms of the internal medullary lamina.

What is the blue part called?

Answer 47

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus lie between the Y shaped arms of the internal medullary lamina.

Blue part is called the medial dorsal nucleus.

Question 48

Different thalamic nuclei project to different parts of the cerebral cortex. These parts project back into the thalamus.

Answer 48

Question 49

__ __ is a shell of neurons that surround the thalamus. All of the axons that leave the thalamus to go to the cortex drop off a collateral in the reticular nucleus. The RN contains __ neurons which project back to the thalamus.

Why is the ___ important?

Answer 49

Reticular Nucleus is a shell of neurons that surround the thalamus. All of the axons that leave the thalamus to go to the cortex drop off a collateral in the reticular nucleus. The RN contains inhibitory neurons which project back to the thalamus.

The RN is important because it sets up rhythmic waves like for alpha and delta waves in sleep.

Question 50

The hypothalamus occupies the __ __

Answer 50

ventral diencephalon (ventral to the thalamus). It is a collection of nuclei.