Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy > Forebrain 1 > Flashcards

Forebrain 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers are there in the neocortex?

A

6 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the functional unit of the cerebral cortex in most areas?

A
  • A column of cells
  • These extend through all the cortical layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

From which layer of the neocortex does the corticospinal axons arise from?

A
  • Layer V (5)

These are quite large neurones (they have to go a long way)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the functional organisation of columns best seen in the neocortex?

A
  • Sensory Areas (E.g. primary visual cortex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the neocortex include?

A

Most of the cortex except for:

  1. Olfactory Area
  2. Limbic Area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are axons that leave the cerebral cortex called?

A
  • Pyramidal Output Neurones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to the number of interneurones & pyramidal nerves as we get smarter?

A
  • Percentage of Pyramidal Neurones –> DECREASES
  • Number of Stellate Interneurones –> INCREASES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 important cell types in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Pyramidal Output Neurones
  • Stellate Interneurones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 main lobes of the cerebral hemisphere?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex arranged in columns (folds/gyri)?

A
  • Increase Computing Power
  • Folds allow you to increase the number of columns you can put
  • Allows you to increase the area so you can increase the folds

NB: Most of the cerebral cortex (and brain) is surplus to requirements for basic survival (e.g. speech area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the division between the frontal & parietal lobe?

A
  • Central Sulcus

Infront –> FRONTAL LOBE

Behind –> PARIETAL LOBE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe tha path of the central sulcus?

A
  • Runs from the midline
  • All the way down to lateral side of the hemisphere
  • It does not meet the lateral fissure (cut off by gyrus)

NB: The only sulcus which has a gyrus in front & behind it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do you demarcate the occipital lobe?

A
  • Poorly demarcated
  • Best way is to go from notch to parietal-occipital sulcus (midline)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an extension of the central sulcus?

A
  • Central Sulcus of Rolando
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is another name for the lateral fissure?

A
  • Sylvian Fissure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the original structure that the cerebral hemispheres grow out of?

A
  • Diencephalon

NB: Original diencephalon (not outgrowth) becomes the midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle found?

A
  • Midline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many horns does the lateral ventricle have and what are they called?

A
  • Frontal Horn (into frontal lobe)
  • Occipital Horn (into occipital lobe)
  • Temporal Horn (into temporal lobe)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles open up to?

What is the hole that connects them called?

A
  • Open up to 3rd ventricle
  • Open up from both sides (into one 3rd ventricle)
  • connect via the intraventricular foramen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Locate the following on this diagram:

  • Lateral Fissure
  • Lateral Ventricle
  • 3rd Ventricle
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Gyrus
  • Sulcus

What plane is this taken in?

A
  • Coronal Section/Plane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Locate the Parieto-occipital sulcus on this diagram.

Can this be seen on the medial or lateral side?

What lobes are infront and behind the sulcus?

A
  • Seen on the medial side
  • Arbitrary on the lateral side

Infront of Sulcus –> Parietal Lobe

Behind Sulcus –> Occipital Lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the occipital lobe associated with?

A
  • Vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Locate the corpus callosum.

What is its main function?

A
  • Great Commisure
  • Main connection between both hemispheres

Axons cross the midline connecting both hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the insular cortex found?

A
  • Deep Cortex found Deep in the Lateral Fissure
  • Embedded in the Floor of the Insular Cortex

Cannot see the insular cortex from the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the function of the insular cortex?

A
  • Second Somatosensory Cortex Centre
  • Important in Pain Sensation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What goes across (crosses over) the insular cortex that is very important?

Which fissure does this occur in?

A
  • Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

It crosses over the insular cortex in the lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Name the gyri which are pointed to here.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to the gyri and sulci as you get older?

A
  • Sulci –> WIDER
  • Gyri –> THINNER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the gyrus in front of the central sulcus called?

A
  • Pre-Central Gyrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 3 gyri on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe called?

A
  1. Superior Frontal Gyrus
  2. Middle Frontal Gyrus
  3. Inferior Frontal Gyrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the superior frontal gyrus?

A
  • Wiggles up from the upper margin of the lateral surface of the frontal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the middle frontal gyrus?

A
  • Wiggles along the side of the frontal lobe
  • Continuous with the lower part of the pre-central gyrus (not shown in pic)
  • Very convoluted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the inferior frontal gyrus?

A
  • Wiggles on the Top of the Lateral Fissure
  • Highly convoluted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 gyri of the lateral temporal lobe called?

A
  1. Superior Temporal Gyrus (easily seen)
  2. Middle Temporal Gyrus (easily seen)
  3. Inferior Temporal Gyrus (not easily seen)

NB: Sometimes ITG found on the underside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where are the superior & inferior temporal sulci found?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is the post-central gyrus found?

A
  • Behind the Central Sulcus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where is the supramarginal gyrus found?

A
  • Cuts off the end of the lateral fissure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is the angular gyrus found?

A
  • Cuts off the end of the Superior Temporal Sulcus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which gyrus cuts off the end of the lateral fissure?

A
  • Supramarginal Gyrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is the intraparietal sulcus found?

A
  • Black line in image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the superior temporal sulcus walled off by?

A
  • Cut off by the angular gyrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which lobe is the angular & supramarginal gyrus part of?

A
  • Parietal Lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the paracentral lobule important for?

A
  • Motor & Sensory Fibres of the Lower Limb
  • Found either side of the central sulcus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus go around?

A
  • Corpus Callosum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the uncus?

A
  • Bump at the end
  • Found on the medial side of the temporal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What lobe is the parahippocampal gyrus part of

A
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Deepest part of temporal lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus important for?

A
  • Important for demarcating the visual area

NB: Lots of visual information at occipital pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Other structures of the brain.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where is the fusiform gyrus?

What is it important for?

A
  • Lateral to the Parahippocampal Gyrus
  • Part of Temporal Lobe
  • Found on the inferior surface of the temporal lobe
  • Important for recognising things
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is brodmann’s area of the cerebral cortex based on?

A
  • Based on Histology
  • Histology reflects function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What two characteristics were used to divide brodmann areas up?

NB: Although the second one just happened to link to the first one

A
  1. Histology
  2. (reflects) Function

Cerebral Cortex divided into different (brodmann) areas –> due to different histology –> which happened to have different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Give 3 ways how functional localization in the cerebral cortex can be figured out.

A
  1. Pathology
  2. Stimulation (electrical)
  3. fMRI (functional MRI)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where is broca’s area found?

A
  • Left Hemisphere
  • Dominant Side (usually left hemisphere only)
  • V-Shape

Found just above the anterior part of the lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is found in broca’s area?

What is it needed for?

A
  • Usually contains Language Centre
  • Important in Fluent Speech
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is a sign of damage in Broca’s Area?

A
  • If someone cannot give fluent speech
  • Cannot speak
  • They can however understand speech
  • Regarded as a motor speech problem

Broca’s area is neccessary for fluent speech function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Why can electrical stimulation of the brain be done on conscious patients?

A
  • There are no nociceptive receptors in the brain
  • Only needs to be accessed using local anaesthetics
  • Patients will not feel you poking/sucking things out from their head

NB: Some neurological surgeries are done under local anaesthetics to figure something out (e.g. keep talking to patient whilst working on broca’s area so that it is not affected)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What area is primarily responsible for movements with the lowest stimulation?

What tract are they associated with?

Do they control the ipsilateral or contralateral side?

A
  • Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
  • Brodmann Area 6

Can produce movement here with the lowest stimulation

  • Will activate the corticospinal system (lots of cell bodies are in M1)
  • It is active during any voluntary movement
  • Controls movement on the contralateral side of the body

NB: Causes twitching when stimulated

58
Q

Which area of the brain is active during ancitipation of movement (thinking about it)?

Which side of the brain is active?

A
  • Supplementary Motor Area

Active even when not moving

Could just be thinking about making a movement. Even if the movement is for one side of the body only it will activate both sides

59
Q

What is the general somatotopic organisation of the motor cortex?

What is a ‘somatotopic organisation’?

A
  • Lateral Side (below) –> LARYNX
  • Medial Side (top) –> HAND
60
Q

Where is the frontal eye field found?

A
  • Posterior to the Middle Frontal Gyrus
  • Anterior to the Premotor Area
  • Found in both hemispheres
61
Q

When is the frontal eye field active?

A
  • Allows conjugate movement of the eye (eyes to move together)
62
Q

What happens if one side of the frontal eye field is stimulated?

A
  • Both eyes will look to the other side
63
Q

What happens if there is a lesion of one of the frontal eye fields?

A
  • Both eyes will deviate to the side with the lesion
64
Q

What defines which hemisphere is the dominant hemisphere?

A
  • Broca’s Area defines the Dominant Hemisphere
  • Usually this is on the left

NB: Broca’s area is to do with speech

65
Q

What happens if there is a speech problem to do with broca’s area in childhood?

A
  • Can be sorted
  • Otherside can take over & take control
66
Q

Which gyrus is the somatosensory cortex (S1)?

Which lobe is this found in?

Which part of the brain does information relay before going to S1?

A
  • Post-central gyrus
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Incoming information goes to thalamus which is relayed to S1
67
Q

What is the frontal lobe predominantely involved in?

A
  • Motor Functions
68
Q

What happens if you give premotor area electrical stimulation?

A
  • Requires higher levels of intense stimulation
  • Produces complicated movements
  • Movements on the contralateral side
69
Q

Where is the pre-motor area?

A
  • Found in front of the primary motor area (M1)
  • It is a triangular area (area 4)
  • It is not clearly demarcated
70
Q

What brodmann areas are premotor & primary motor cortex?

A
  • Premotor Cortex –> Area 4
  • Primary Motor Cortex –> Area 6
71
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area?

A
  • Medial Surface of Cerebral Hemisphere
  • Corticospinal Neurones arise from here
  • Very complicated
  • Involved in planning of movements
72
Q

Summarise how you would activate:

  • Primary Motor Cortex
  • Supplmentary Motor Cortex
A
  • Produce Movement –> causes PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX (M1) to be active on the CONTRALATERAL SIDE
  • Sit & think about a movement –> causes the SUPPLEMENTARY HEMISPHERES to be ACTIVE BILATERALLY
73
Q

What varies in terms of the layers as you go throughout the cortex?

A
  • Thickness (depending on which part of cerebral cortex)
74
Q

What is the general pattern of the somatotopic map?

A
  • Face –> LATERAL
  • Foot –> MEDIAL

NB: Paracentral region on either side is for lower limbs

75
Q

What are the paracentral regions on either side in charge of?

A
  • Lower Limbs
76
Q

What is the organisation of the motor complex like?

A
  • Complex
  • There is not one corticospinal axon per muscle
  • Corticospinal axons have widespread terminals
77
Q

Where are corticospinal cell bodies found?

A
  • Motor Cortices
  • Other Areas (not all motor function)
78
Q

Where do these corticospinal axons go?

  • Head & Neck
  • Rest of Body
A
  • Head & Neck –> Dorsal Column Nuclei
  • Rest of Body –> Dorsal Horn of Spinal Cord

NB: Note that this is one long axon which goes all the way to these places (no synapses)

79
Q

What are the functions of the corticospinal axons?

A
  • Motor Control (movement)
  • Modulation of Sensory Functions
80
Q

What are the top 3 in hierarchy for motor control?

A
  1. Primary Motor Cortex (M1)
  2. Supplementary Motor Cortex (SMA)
  3. Other Parts of the Parietal Cortex (e.g. premotor cortex)
81
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A
82
Q

What brodmann area is this?

A
83
Q

What does the primary visual cortex (V1) do?

A
  • First receives visual information (input first arrives here)
84
Q

What happens if you have no primary visual cortex?

Unilateral or bilateral

A
  • Bilaterally –> no visual information can come in
  • Therefore cannot detect objects

NB: Interestingly they can still detect moving objects

NB: You cannot see without your cerebral cortex (specifically V1)

​

85
Q

Where does the information go after V1?

A
  • Information goes to V2 and other areas
  • To be analysed further
86
Q

What does it mean for the primary visual cortex (V1) to be retinotopic?

What does the posterior part (occipital) part do?

What does the anterior part do?

A
  • Map of the Retina can be mapped onto V1

Posterior Part (near occipital pole) –> MACULA REGION –> the middle region of the retina (most cones found) –> giving highest acuity

Anterior Part –> PERIPHERAL VISION –> where most rods found –> black & white & motion vision –> more sensitive region (fainter things can be seen here more - e.g. stars)

87
Q

What happens if you are bashed on the back of the head?

A
  • Damage Occipital (posterior part)
  • This is the macula region

NB: Anterior part is the black & white peripheral vision region in V1

88
Q

Which side is each area of V1 (primary visual cortex) responsible for?

A
  • Each V1 Hemisphere –> responsible for Contralateral Visual field from both eyes
  • (i.e. left hemisphere V1 is in charge of right visual field)
    *
89
Q

What happens if you have a lesion/pathology in one side of V1?

What about if both sides?

A
  • Lose V1 on one side –> causes loss of contralateral visual field for both eyes
  • Lose V1 on both sides –> causes you to see nothing –> this is ‘cortical blindness’
90
Q

What is damage to V1 more formally called?

A
  • Corticoblindness or Cortical Blindness
  • Blindsight

These people see nothing whilst having perfectly normal working eyes

They are consciously blind

91
Q

What is interesting about people who are ‘consciously blind’?

What kind of damage do they have?

A
  • Despite Losing Both V1 areas
  • They can guess what an object is (get it more right than if guessing completely)
  • Detect moving objects
  • This is when they have cortical blindness

They can detect things despite not consciously seeing them

This is due to a other pathways in the cerebral cortex which detect moving objects and vision which do not involve V1

This is called blindsight

92
Q

Where is V1?

A
  • Found within the calcirine sulcus
  • Cortex spills over the lips of the calcarine cortex
  • Area 17
93
Q

What are the areas around V1 called?

A
  • Visual Association Cortices (V2)
94
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A
  • Small Area
  • Just below lateral fissure
95
Q

Where is wenicke’s area?

A
  • Large Area
  • Only found in dominant hemisphere

(It is bigger than image shows)

96
Q

What is the primary auditory cortex in charge of?

A
  • Receiving hearing information from both ears
97
Q

Where is Wernicke’s Area found?

A
  • Sensory language area
  • Only found in the dominant hemisphere
98
Q

What 2 streams can visual information go down after V1?

A
  1. What stream
  2. Where stream
99
Q

What brodmann area is important for visually guided movements?

(What is visually guided movement?)

A
  • Area 7

Following movement of an object with eyes aiding you (e.g. driving behind another car)

100
Q

In what lobes is the ‘where’ and ‘what’ visual stream?

A
  • ‘What’ visual stream –> Temporal Lobe (identify objects)
  • ‘Where’ visual stream –> Parietal Lobe (if someone is infront of you or not)
101
Q

What is focal epilepsy?

What does it do?

A
  • Affects ability of people to know what the things they are seeing are
  • (Example - they would confuse a door with a tree)
  • Different parts of the visual association area are responsible for recognising different types of objects

NB: The brain combines where & why streams to get a full picture

102
Q

What lobe is important for recognition of things?

A
  • Done by areas in the Temporal Lobe
  • not by V1
103
Q

Why is the visually guided movement section of the brain well placed?

A
  • It is near the parietal lobe
  • This is where the ‘where’ stream of the visual association region (V2) is found
  • This is helpful as you can only move towards objects if you know where they are
104
Q

Where is the fusiform gyrus?

(what is the gyrus medial and lateral to it?)

A
  • Medial to it –> Parahippocampal Gyrus
  • Lateral to it –> Inferior Temporal Gyrus

It is on the underside of the temporal lobe

105
Q

Where is the FFA (Fusiform Face Area)?

A
  • Found within the Fusiform Gyrus
  • One of the areas responsible for recognising specific classes of objects
  • FFA responsible for recognising faces
  • Particularly strong FFA found on the right side (but present on both sides)
    *
106
Q

When is the FFA active?

A
  • Active bilaterally when identifying faces
107
Q

What lesion usually causes prosopagnosia?

A
  • Lesion of the Right Side (more so than left)
  • Lesions of the FFA
108
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A
  • When someone cannot recognise peoples faces anymore
109
Q

What are the people with prosopagnosia like?

A
  • May wake up after a stroke and not recognise their spouses face anymore
  • Will still be able to recognise their body shape & voice
  • Face will be anonymous
110
Q

Which hemisphere are language areas present in?

A
  • Dominant Hemispheres
111
Q

What is the angular gyrus responsible for? (2 things)

Which hemisphere is it found in?

A
  1. Reading
  2. Writing

Found in the dominant hemisphere (general rule for language stuff)

112
Q

If there is a lesion of the angular gyrus, what are the 2 conditions called?

Does this lesion need to occur bilaterally, unilaterally, etc.?

A

Causes:

  • Alexia (loss of ability to read)
  • Agraphia (loss of ability to write)

Needs to occur in dominant hemisphere

113
Q

What is the left hemisphere usually dominant for?

A
  • Ability to Speak
  • Ability to Write
  • Understand Spoken Words
  • Understand Written Words
  • Broca’s area
114
Q

What is the right cerebral hemisphere usually dominant for?

A
  • Integration of certain sounds (other than spoken sounds - e.g. coughing, laughter, crying & melodies)
  • Tactile Stimuli
  • Visual Spatial Awareness
  • Wernicke’s Area
    *
115
Q

Give little known 4 functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  1. Stereognosis
  2. Arithmetic (sums)
  3. Constructional Ability (right side)
  4. Body Image
116
Q

What is the main sulcus of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Interparietal Sulcus
117
Q

Where is the handknob (hand area)?

A
  • This can be seen next to the intraparietal sulcus
  • It is in front of the sum/arithmetic area

NB: Interestingly it is close to the sum area. maybe to do with learning to count with digits to 10

118
Q

Which sulcus is the arithmetic/sum section close to?

A
  • Intraparietal Sulcus
119
Q

What is the pre-frontal cortex generally to do with?

A
  • Behaviour
120
Q

What patient is associated with the pre-frontal cortex?

A
  • Phineas Gage
121
Q

Where are the following found?

  • Limbic Cortex
  • Cingulate Gyrus
  • Parahippocampal Gyrus
  • Uncus
A
122
Q

Which arrow points to what?

A
123
Q

What does the septum pallucidum divide?

A
  • Lateral Ventricles
124
Q

What is the corpus callosum also called?

What does it do?

A
  • Great commisure of the brain
  • Connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain
125
Q

Down which fissure does the MCA (middle cerebral artery) go down?

A
  • Lateral Fissure
126
Q

What is the cerebral blood supply structure?

A
127
Q

Which cortical areas are supplied by the middle cerebral artery?

A
  • Runs along lateral fissure
  • Supplies the lateral (outer) surface
  • Doesn’t quite supply all of it (just misses out)
128
Q

What does the anterior & posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A
  • Together they supply all the medial surface
  • They overspill and supply edges of lateral surface
129
Q

What structures does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A
  • All of medial surface of the frontal lobe
  • Much of the Parietal lobe
130
Q

What structures does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A
  • Calcarine Sulcus
  • Fusiform Gyrus
  • Parahippocampal Gyrus
  • Uncus
  • Auditory Centre
  • Primary Visual Cortex + much of visual association cortex
131
Q

What lobe is lesioned here?

What would the effects be?

A
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Visual Problems (V1 affected so corticoblindness for left visual field
132
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?
Where are these usually found?

A
  • Pocket of blood vessel
  • Usually cerebral aneurysms are found on the circle of willis
133
Q

If a berry aneurysm ruptures, what will it cause?

A
  • Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
  • Blood in the CSF

Subarachnoid Space –> between arachnoid & pia mater

134
Q

Give two ways how to stop a cerebral aneurysm from rupturing?

A
  1. Clipping aneurysm (metal clip)
  2. Putting in metal ball to cause it to clot
135
Q

What are the pathologies of the brain seen in alzeihmer’s?

A
  1. Shrinkage of forebrain
  2. Expansion of sulci
  3. Shrinkage of gyri (lost brain tissue)
  4. Expansion of ventricle

Beta amyloid deposition (used to be though this caused the problem)

136
Q

What does ACh do to cortical activity?

A
  • Cholinergic supply to cerebral cortex causes an increase in cortical activity
137
Q

What nucleus releases cholinergic fibres all over the brain?

A
  • Nucleus Basalis of Meynert
138
Q

What happens to nucleus basilis of meynert in alzeihmer’s?

A
  • Degenerates early (usually supplies all the neocortex with ACh)
139
Q

Where is the Nucleus Basilis of Meynert found?

A
  • Lies above anterior perforated substance
  • Lies in the base of the forebrain
140
Q

What does the nucleus basalis of meynert do?

A
  • Supplies the neocortex with cholinergic fibres
  • Sends fibres all over the neocortex (cerebral cortex)

Neuroanatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions