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Biochemistry Final Review > Ford (Integration of Metabolism) > Flashcards

Ford (Integration of Metabolism) Flashcards

1
Q

Reductionist Approach: 1st decision

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

 - to glucose-1-phosphate --> glycogen (phosphoglucomutase)
 - to fructose-6-phosphate --> pyruvate (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase)
 - pentose phosphate pathway --> ribose-5-phosphate
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2
Q

Reductionist Approach: 2nd decision

A

Pyruvate

 - Acetyl-CoA (pyruvate dehydrogenase)
 - OAA (pyruvate carboxylase)
 - Alanine (SGPT)
 - Lactate (LDH)
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3
Q

Reductionist Approach: 3rd decision

A

Acetyl-CoA

 - Ketone Body Synthesis (acetoacetate, acetone, B-Hydroxybutyrate)
 - Fatty Acids
 - TCA Cycle/OxPhos --> CO2 and H2O
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4
Q

Brain: Fuel and Exports

A

Fuel: Glucose (ketone bodies - starvation)
Export: none

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle: Fuel and Exports

A

Resting:

  • Fuel: fatty acids
  • Exports: none

Exertion

  • Fuel: Glucose
  • Export: lactate
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6
Q

Heart Muscle: Fuel and Exports

A

Fuel: Fatty acids
Export: none

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7
Q

Adipose Tissue: Fuel and Exports

A

Fuel: Fatty acids
Export: Fatty acids, glycerol

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8
Q

Liver: Fuel and Exports

A

Fuel: glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
Exports: glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies

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9
Q

Fuel Producers (3)

A
  1. Liver –> glucose
  2. Adipocytes –> fatty acids
  3. Kidneys –> glucose (starvation only)
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10
Q

Fuel Consumers (3)

A
  1. Skeletal Muscle (glycogen –> creatine phosphate –> lactate)
  2. Brain (glucose –> ketone bodies)
  3. Heart (fatty acids –> lactate/ketone bodies)
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11
Q

Liver

A
  • stores a days worth of fuel as glycogen (primary fuel FA, not glucose)

FED: inc. rxn rate (glucokinase), FA/TAG synthesis
STARVE: dec. rxn rate (glucokinase), ketone body synthesis

  • lacks CoA Transferase - can produce but not use Ketone Bodies
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12
Q

Alcohol consumption and the Liver

A
  • alcohol –> acetate oxidizes 2 NAD to 2 NADH
  • dec. NAD = dec. gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, TCA, B-Oxidation
  • inc. lactate + ketone bodies (acidosis), TAG (fatty liver disease)
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13
Q

Fed vs Fast vs Starve

A

Fed: energy production and storage

Fast (>1 hr after meal): preferred metabolic fuel stores released for use

Starve: shift to using fat stores (TAG) and derivatives (ketone bodies)

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14
Q

HDL/LDL/VLDL

A
  1. HDL
    • high protein content
    • liver (empty) –> liver (full
    • cholesterol collection
  2. LDL
    • high cholesterol content
    • VLDL –> all cells
    • cholesterol collection
  3. VLDL
    • high TAG content
    • liver –> adipocytes
    • TAG transport
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15
Q

AMPK and mTOR

A

serine/threonine kinases with opposite functions

AMPK: AMP-activated Protein Kinase –> HETEROTRIMERIC

  • cell in FED state = AMPK OFF
  • activator: inc. AMP, inhibitor: inc. ATP
  • activates: enzymes in catabolic (NRG producing) paths
  • inhibits: enzymes in anabolic (NRG requiring) paths

mTOR: mammalian target of Rapamycin

  • cell in FED state = mTOR ON
  • activator: insulin, inhibitor: AMPK
  • activates: enzymes in anabolic (NRG requiring) paths
  • inhibits: enzymes in catabolic (NRG producing) paths
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16
Q

Sirtuins

A
  • deacetylates Lysine
  • uses NAD
  • Redox sensor, activated when NAD: hi and NADH: low
17
Q

Leptin and Insulin

A
  • work in concert

Insulin –> released from pancreas

  • blood glucose sensor
  • actions delinate FED state

Leptin –> released from Adipocytes

  • TAG store sensor
  • actions delinate FULL state
18
Q

Cholecystokinins (CCK) and Glucagon-like Peptide 1

A

peptide hormones that signal FULL state - like Leptin

  • action is brief, Leptin action longer
19
Q

Anorexigenic vs Orexigenic Neurons

A

Anorexigenic Neurons

  • Leptin/Insulin
  • disseminate FED/FULL signals

Orexigenic Neurons

  • Ghrelin, Adiponectin, PYY
  • disseminate HUNGRY signals
20
Q

Cortisol

A

slow acting, for periods of prolonged stress

  • tissue specific actions:
  • adipocytes: release fatty acids
  • skeletal muscle: protein degradation, AA export
  • liver: inc. pyruvate carboxylase –> inc. gluconeogen

cholesterol derivative

21
Q

Insulin Physiological Actions

A
  • signals fed state
  • dec. blood glucose level
  • inc. fuel storage, cell growth, differentiation
22
Q

Glucagon Physiological Actions

A
  • signals fasting state

- inc. glucose release from liver, blood glucose level, ketone bodies as alternative fuel for brain

23
Q

Epinephrine Physiological Actions

A
  • signals stress

- inc. glucose release from liver, blood glucose levels

24
Q

Chylomicron characteristics

A
  • high TAG content
  • intestine –> adipocytes
  • role: TAG transport
25
Q

IDL characteristics

A
  • high TAG/cholesterol
  • VLDL –> liver, adipocytes
  • role: intermediate molecule

Biochemistry Final Review (8 decks)

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