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Biochemistry Final Review > Ford (Amino Acid Synthesis) > Flashcards

Ford (Amino Acid Synthesis) Flashcards

1
Q

Synthesis of AA from 3 pathways intermediates

A
  1. Glycolysis: 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate
  2. TCA Cycle: a-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate
  3. Pentose Phosphate Pathway: ribose-5-phosphate, erythrose-4-phosphate
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2
Q

Nonessential Amino Acids

A
  1. alanine
  2. asparagine
  3. aspartic acid
  4. cysteine
  5. glutamic acid
  6. glutamine
  7. glycine
  8. proline
  9. serine
  10. tyrosine
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3
Q

Essential Amino Acids (PVT TIM HALL)

A
  1. histidine
  2. isoleucine
  3. leucine
  4. lysine
  5. phenylalanine
  6. threonine
  7. tryptophan
  8. valine
  9. arginine
  10. methionine
  • tend to be SECONDARY syntheses
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4
Q

Amino Acid Syntheses - Transamination Reactions

A
  1. Pyruvate –> Alanine (SGPT)
  2. OAA –> Aspartate (SGOT)
  3. a-ketoglutarate –> glutamate (glutamate dehydrogenase)
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5
Q

Amino Acid Syntheses - Aspartate Fates

A
  1. glutamine donates NH3 to aspartate –> asparagine
  2. aspartate modified –> lysine, methionine, threonine
    • tightly regulated by feedback inhibition
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6
Q

Amino Acid Syntheses - Glutamate Fates

A

glutamate –> glutamine (transport free NH4 to liver)

Synthetases use ATP, Synthases do NOT use ATP

  • reduction/cyclization = PROLINE
  • reducation/transamination = ORNITHINE
    • arginine minus urea*
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7
Q

Glutamine Synthesis Regulation

A
  • adenylation INACTIVATES Glutamine Synthetase
    • addition of AMP ribonucleotide
  • uridylylation ACTIVATES Glutamine Synthetase
    • addition of UMP ribonucleotide
Glutamine = UMP (-) --> inhibitory
a-ketoglutarate/ATP = UMP (+) --> activating
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8
Q

Heme

A
  • glycine derivative
  • make heme to facilitate oxygen transport
  • main source of dietary iron
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9
Q

Porphyrias

A
  • deficiencies in Heme Synthesis

Liver enzyme: pain and cardiac dysfunction
Non-liver enzyme: light-sensitivity, altered skin pigmentation

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10
Q

Glutamate-Derived Molecules (3)

A
  1. Glutathione = antioxidant
  2. Polyamines = stabilize DNA
  3. GABA = inhibitory neurotransmitter (Glutamate = excitatory neurotransmitter)
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11
Q

Arginine-Derived Molecules (2)

A
  1. NO = free radical
    • Nitric Oxide Synthase
    • G-protein signaling cascade
  2. Creatine Phosphate
    • hydrolysis of phosphate releases just as much free energy as ATP hydrolysis
    • creatinine excreted in urine
    • creatine synth uses more SAM than all methylation rxns combined
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12
Q

Methionine-Derived Molecules

A

SAM –> primary methyl donor in cells

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13
Q

Histidine-Derived Molecules

A
  • decarboxylated with pyridoxal phosphate = HISTAMINE
  • promotes HCl/Pepsin secretion in stomach
  • vasodilator at trauma rxn site
  • neurotransmitter

Antihistamines = competitive inhibitors

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14
Q

Tryptophan-Derived Molecules

A

serotonin

  • precursor for melatonin (light-dark cycle regulator)
  • vasoconstrictor
  • intestine contract around food
  • activate NOS/regulate bone mass
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15
Q

Tyrosine-Derived Molecules

A
  1. Epinephrine: adrenaline
    • stress hormone
    • Norepinephrine = neurotransmitter
    • vascular constriction, inc. blood pressure, ceasing inflammation
  2. Dopamine
    • signaling abnormalities are hallmarks of Parkinsons, Schizophrenia, drug addiction, ADHD
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16
Q

Dopaquinone (Tyrosine-Derived Molecules)

A

Dopaquinone processing = melanin pigments

Albinism –> tyrosinase deficiency (no pigments)

Dark hair: eumelanins > pheomelanins
Light hair: eumelanins < pheomelanins
Gray hair: cell death of melanin- producing cells

17
Q

Glycine Derivative

A

heme

18
Q

Glutamate Derivatives

A

glutathione, polyamines, GABA

19
Q

Arginine Derivatives

A

nitric oxide (NO), creatine phosphate

20
Q

Methionine Derivative

A

SAM

21
Q

Histidine Derivative

A

Histamine

22
Q

Tryptophan Derivative

A

Serotonin

23
Q

Tyrosine Derivatives

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, melanins

24
Q

Oxaloacetate AA derivatives (6)

A

aspartate

  • aspartate –> asparagine, methionine, lysine, threonine
  • threonine –> isoleucine
25
Q

Pyruvate AA derivatives (3)

A

alanine, valine, leucine

26
Q

Ribose-5-phosphate derivative

A

histidine

27
Q

Phosphoenol pyruvate and Erythrose-4-phosphate AA derivatives

A

tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine

  • phenylalanine –> tyrosine
28
Q

a-ketoglutarate AA derivatives

A
  • glutamate

- glutamate –> glutamine, proline, arginine (ornithine)

29
Q

3-phosphoglycerate derivatives

A
  • serine

- serine –> cysteine, glycine

Biochemistry Final Review (8 decks)

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