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KIN 306 > Forces: Skeletal, Application, Concussion > Flashcards

Forces: Skeletal, Application, Concussion Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of Mechanics?

A

Static

Dynamic

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1
Q

Kinematics

A

Describing motion of an object/system

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2
Q

Static

A

Object/system in a constant rate of motion, including motionless (NO ACCELERATION)

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3
Q

Dynamic

A

Object/system undergoing ACCELERATION

- speeding up,slowing down, changing direction

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4
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of FORCES acting on an object/system- cause of motion

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5
Q

Rigid Body Mechanics

A
  • object/system to be perfectly rigid (can’t change shape without damaging or breaking)
  • movement of the human body
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6
Q

Deformable Body Mechanics

A

Change in shape accounted for in mechanical analysis

- bouncing/hitting a ball

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7
Q

Biomechanics

A

Application of mechanical principles in hue he study of living organisms

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8
Q

Internal Forces

A
  • forces that act within a system (mm.)
  • can change:
    shape of the body (NOT path of body)
    relative position of COM “within” the object
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9
Q

Tensile Forces

A

Internal force
Pulling forces acting on the ends of an internal structure
Ex. = mm pulling on tendons

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10
Q

Compressive Forces

A

Internal force
Pushing forces acting on bands of internal structure
Ex. Bones pushing on cartilage (spinal bending)

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11
Q

External Forces

A

Forces acting on an object/system as a result of interacting with the environment
- move the body– ground rxn forces

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12
Q

What are 2 categories of External Forces?

A

Non-contact

Contact

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13
Q

What is the non-contact force?

A

Gravity

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14
Q

Contact Forces

A

Occur btw objects in contact with each other

  • includes contact with air and water
  • not always proportional to weight
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15
Q

What are the 2 components of Contact Forces?

A

Normal contact

Friction

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16
Q

Normal Contact Forces

A
  • occur perpendicular to the line of contact

- NOT ground rxn force or always proportional to weight of object

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17
Q

Friction

A

Contact force

  • parallel force btw 2 surfaces in contact
  • dry, fluid, dynamic, static
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18
Q

Ground Reaction Force

A
  • forces equal and opposite to muscular force- NOT normal force
  • NOT always perpendicular = can be at an angle
  • can be = to normal force (push-up)
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19
Q

Dry Friction

A

When no fluid is btw objects in contact

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20
Q

Static Friction

A

No movement

  • maximal static
  • rolling friction
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21
Q

Maximal Static Friction

A

Point of greatest amount of force applied before movement forces

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22
Q

Fluid Friction

A

Contact btw fluids or solid object with fluid on contact surfaces
Ex. Internal = blood and arteries/veins

23
Q

F = uR

A

F = friction
u = coefficient of friction
R = normal force
- the greater the R, the greater the friction

24
Q

Friction: Surface Area

A
  • does NOT affect friction
  • inc. SA proportionally countered by:
    Spreading R over greater area
    # of bonds per area is proportional to R
25
Q

How do you increase the fricitonal force?

A

Increase weight of the object/system = increase # of bonds

26
Q

How does the amount of force required to move and object change in relation to SA of the object?

A

The amount of force required to move an object will REMAIN THE SAME regardless of position of object (any side of object)

27
Q

What is the coefficient of friction dependent on (2)?

A
  • hardness (harder = less friction)

- surface texture (smooth = less friction)

28
Q

Which is greater btw any two surfaces: maximal static friction or dynamic friction?

A

Max static is ALWAYS greater than dynamic because it takes more force to put an object in motion than to keep it in motion

29
Q

Net Force

A
  • sum of all (vector) forces acting on an object

- generally considered same as resultant

30
Q

Colinear Forces

A
  • forces that have the same line of action
  • can be in opposite directions
  • add then together with appropriate signs (+/-) distinguishing direction
31
Q

Concurrent Forces

A

Forces that do not act in the same line but through the the same point

32
Q

The _______ the fiber the _______ the # of sarcomeres _________.

A

Longer
Greater
In series

33
Q

The ______ the fiber the _______ the PCSA. And, the ______ # of sarcomeres in ______ arrangement.

A

Wider
Greater
Greater
Parallel

34
Q

Physiological Cross-Sectional Area (PCSA)

A
  • perpendicular to the m fiber

- muscle force is proportional to the PCSA

35
Q

Longitudinal Muscle Fibers

A
  • long series– sartorius m.
  • limited # of serial fibers that are // to each other = small PCSA
  • limited force, good ROM
36
Q

Fusiform/Spindle Muscle Fibers

A
  • biceps brachii
  • moderate # of fibers, series are shorter = small PCSA
  • fibers overlap, don’t extend full length of muscle
  • MOD force, good ROM
37
Q

Penniform/Pennate Muscle Fibers

A
  • deltoid, rectus femoris
  • large # of short fibers! short series that run // = large PCSA
  • tendon // to long axis, // fibers diagonal to axis
  • HIGH force, limited ROM
38
Q

Pennate Advantages and Disadvantages

A

Adv- higher # of sarcomeres = greater PCSA = inc. force potential

Dis- dec. ROM badged velocity of shortening, dec. force production as mm gets shorter

39
Q

Fusiform Advantages and Disadvantages

A

Adv- sarcomeres are in series = inc. velocity and ROM

Dis- lower # of // sarcomeres = lower PCSA (lower force capacity)

40
Q

When sarcomeres are in PARALLEL they have:

A

High force orientation

41
Q

When sarcomeres are IN SERIES they have:

A

High velocity and ROM orientation

42
Q

Kinetic Chain

A

A combination of successively arranged joints

Force production- from large m groups to smaller m groups

43
Q

Summation of Forces

A

Net effect of multiple forces from multiple muscle groups

44
Q

Summation of Levers

A

Net effect of multiple levers used to apply muscular force to move the body or objects

47
Q

Direct Impact of mTBI

A
  • injuries from making direct contact with the head
  • helmet to helmet contact, collisions, struck by object
  • coup-contrecoup
48
Q

Indirect Impact of mTBI

A

Injury due to abruptly stopping or changing the motion of head
- tackling, rapid breaking of vehicle

49
Q

Linear Component of Impact

A

Compression injury to the region “inline” with the impact

50
Q

Angular Component of Impact

A

Shearing and tensile strains to the brainstorm due to rotation of the cerebrum about the brainstem

51
Q

Zhang et al Research- linear/angular acceleration of mTBI

A

Linear accel: 66g, 82g, and 106g were associated with 25%, 50%, and 80% INC chance of mTBI

Angular accel (rad/s2): 4600, 5900 and 7900 were associated with 25%, 50%, and 80% INC chance of mTBI

52
Q

Gurdjian et al Research- linear acceleration of mTBI

A

Linear accelerations of 80-90g are associated with mTBI

53
Q

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

A

An object at rest/motion stays at rest/motion (constant v) unless acted upon by an external force or forces

54
Q

Newron’s 2nd Law of Motion

A
  • If net external force acts on an object the object will accelerate in the direction of the line of force
  • The acceleration will be directly proportional to the net external force and inversely proportional to the object mass
55
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

A

To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

56
Q

Force has the ability to accelerate an object because of:

A

Newton’s 2nd Law

60
Q

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)

A
  • diffuse axonal injury = damage done to several axons of an area of the brain
  • varying degrees of functional impairment
  • generally transient impairment
61
Q

Coup-contrecoup Injury

A

When the head strikes a fixed object or is whiplashed

  • coup = occurs at the site of impact
  • contrecoup = occurs at the opposite side
  • attributable to inertia of the brain motion in the cerebral-spinal fluid

KIN 306 (3 decks)

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