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KIN 306 > Forces: Skeletal, Application, Concussion > Flashcards

Forces: Skeletal, Application, Concussion Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of Mechanics?

A

Static

Dynamic

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1
Q

Kinematics

A

Describing motion of an object/system

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2
Q

Static

A

Object/system in a constant rate of motion, including motionless (NO ACCELERATION)

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3
Q

Dynamic

A

Object/system undergoing ACCELERATION

- speeding up,slowing down, changing direction

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4
Q

Kinetics

A

Study of FORCES acting on an object/system- cause of motion

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5
Q

Rigid Body Mechanics

A
  • object/system to be perfectly rigid (can’t change shape without damaging or breaking)
  • movement of the human body
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6
Q

Deformable Body Mechanics

A

Change in shape accounted for in mechanical analysis

- bouncing/hitting a ball

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7
Q

Biomechanics

A

Application of mechanical principles in hue he study of living organisms

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8
Q

Internal Forces

A
  • forces that act within a system (mm.)
  • can change:
    shape of the body (NOT path of body)
    relative position of COM “within” the object
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9
Q

Tensile Forces

A

Internal force
Pulling forces acting on the ends of an internal structure
Ex. = mm pulling on tendons

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10
Q

Compressive Forces

A

Internal force
Pushing forces acting on bands of internal structure
Ex. Bones pushing on cartilage (spinal bending)

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11
Q

External Forces

A

Forces acting on an object/system as a result of interacting with the environment
- move the body– ground rxn forces

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12
Q

What are 2 categories of External Forces?

A

Non-contact

Contact

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13
Q

What is the non-contact force?

A

Gravity

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14
Q

Contact Forces

A

Occur btw objects in contact with each other

  • includes contact with air and water
  • not always proportional to weight
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15
Q

What are the 2 components of Contact Forces?

A

Normal contact

Friction

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16
Q

Normal Contact Forces

A
  • occur perpendicular to the line of contact

- NOT ground rxn force or always proportional to weight of object

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17
Q

Friction

A

Contact force

  • parallel force btw 2 surfaces in contact
  • dry, fluid, dynamic, static
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18
Q

Ground Reaction Force

A
  • forces equal and opposite to muscular force- NOT normal force
  • NOT always perpendicular = can be at an angle
  • can be = to normal force (push-up)
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19
Q

Dry Friction

A

When no fluid is btw objects in contact

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20
Q

Static Friction

A

No movement

  • maximal static
  • rolling friction
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21
Q

Maximal Static Friction

A

Point of greatest amount of force applied before movement forces

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22
Q

Fluid Friction

A

Contact btw fluids or solid object with fluid on contact surfaces
Ex. Internal = blood and arteries/veins

23
Q

F = uR

A

F = friction
u = coefficient of friction
R = normal force
- the greater the R, the greater the friction

24
Friction: Surface Area
- does NOT affect friction - inc. SA proportionally countered by: Spreading R over greater area # of bonds per area is proportional to R
25
How do you increase the fricitonal force?
Increase weight of the object/system = increase # of bonds
26
How does the amount of force required to move and object change in relation to SA of the object?
The amount of force required to move an object will REMAIN THE SAME regardless of position of object (any side of object)
27
What is the coefficient of friction dependent on (2)?
- hardness (harder = less friction) | - surface texture (smooth = less friction)
28
Which is greater btw any two surfaces: maximal static friction or dynamic friction?
Max static is ALWAYS greater than dynamic because it takes more force to put an object in motion than to keep it in motion
29
Net Force
- sum of all (vector) forces acting on an object | - generally considered same as resultant
30
Colinear Forces
- forces that have the same line of action - can be in opposite directions - add then together with appropriate signs (+/-) distinguishing direction
31
Concurrent Forces
Forces that do not act in the same line but through the the same point
32
The _______ the fiber the _______ the # of sarcomeres _________.
Longer Greater In series
33
The ______ the fiber the _______ the PCSA. And, the ______ # of sarcomeres in ______ arrangement.
Wider Greater Greater Parallel
34
Physiological Cross-Sectional Area (PCSA)
- perpendicular to the m fiber | - muscle force is proportional to the PCSA
35
Longitudinal Muscle Fibers
- long series-- sartorius m. - limited # of serial fibers that are // to each other = small PCSA - limited force, good ROM
36
Fusiform/Spindle Muscle Fibers
- biceps brachii - moderate # of fibers, series are shorter = small PCSA - fibers overlap, don't extend full length of muscle - MOD force, good ROM
37
Penniform/Pennate Muscle Fibers
- deltoid, rectus femoris - large # of short fibers! short series that run // = large PCSA - tendon // to long axis, // fibers diagonal to axis - HIGH force, limited ROM
38
Pennate Advantages and Disadvantages
Adv- higher # of sarcomeres = greater PCSA = inc. force potential Dis- dec. ROM badged velocity of shortening, dec. force production as mm gets shorter
39
Fusiform Advantages and Disadvantages
Adv- sarcomeres are in series = inc. velocity and ROM Dis- lower # of // sarcomeres = lower PCSA (lower force capacity)
40
When sarcomeres are in PARALLEL they have:
High force orientation
41
When sarcomeres are IN SERIES they have:
High velocity and ROM orientation
42
Kinetic Chain
A combination of successively arranged joints | Force production- from large m groups to smaller m groups
43
Summation of Forces
Net effect of multiple forces from multiple muscle groups
44
Summation of Levers
Net effect of multiple levers used to apply muscular force to move the body or objects
47
Direct Impact of mTBI
- injuries from making direct contact with the head - helmet to helmet contact, collisions, struck by object - coup-contrecoup
48
Indirect Impact of mTBI
Injury due to abruptly stopping or changing the motion of head - tackling, rapid breaking of vehicle
49
Linear Component of Impact
Compression injury to the region "inline" with the impact
50
Angular Component of Impact
Shearing and tensile strains to the brainstorm due to rotation of the cerebrum about the brainstem
51
Zhang et al Research- linear/angular acceleration of mTBI
Linear accel: 66g, 82g, and 106g were associated with 25%, 50%, and 80% INC chance of mTBI Angular accel (rad/s2): 4600, 5900 and 7900 were associated with 25%, 50%, and 80% INC chance of mTBI
52
Gurdjian et al Research- linear acceleration of mTBI
Linear accelerations of 80-90g are associated with mTBI
53
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
An object at rest/motion stays at rest/motion (constant v) unless acted upon by an external force or forces
54
Newron's 2nd Law of Motion
- If net external force acts on an object the object will accelerate in the direction of the line of force - The acceleration will be directly proportional to the net external force and inversely proportional to the object mass
55
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion
To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
56
Force has the ability to accelerate an object because of:
Newton's 2nd Law
60
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)
- diffuse axonal injury = damage done to several axons of an area of the brain - varying degrees of functional impairment - generally transient impairment
61
Coup-contrecoup Injury
When the head strikes a fixed object or is whiplashed - coup = occurs at the site of impact - contrecoup = occurs at the opposite side - attributable to inertia of the brain motion in the cerebral-spinal fluid

KIN 306 (3 decks)

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