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Science 6th > Forces Shaping the Earth > Flashcards

Forces Shaping the Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

The _______ is a region of hot, slow-flowing, solid rock between the core and the crust.

A

MANTLE

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2
Q

The ________ is the densest compositional layer and makes up one-third of the earth’s mass

A

CORE

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3
Q

The ________ is the outermost, rigid physical layer of Earth.

A

LITHOSPHERE

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4
Q

Which model of Earth’s interior does this image show? (pg 395)

A

The compositional layers

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5
Q

Which of these layers is made mostly of iron and nickel?

A

The core

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6
Q

Explain the differences between the inner core and the outer core

A

The outer core is liquid, while the inner core is solid and dense.

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7
Q

Explain the difference between the lithosphere and the crust.

A

First, the lithosphere is a physical layer, while the crust is a compositional layer. There are also two types of crust- oceanic and continental. The lithosphere is made up of both the crust and the rigid-the upper part of the mantle.

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8
Q

Scientists find dense rock on Earth’s surface that is made of magnesium and smaller amounts of aluminum and silicon. What layer of Earth might this rock help scientists study? Explain your answer

A

The mantle, because it is mostly made up of magnesium but includes smaller amounts of aluminum and silicon.

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9
Q

In a model of Earth’s layers that is determined by physical properties, how might the atmosphere be classified? Would it be part of the lithosphere, or a separate layer? Explain your answer

A

The atmosphere is above the earth and is made up of air, and the lithosphere is the outermost solid, dense layer of earth. The atmosphere is a separate layer.

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10
Q

The lithosphere is divided into pieces called _________.

A

TECTONIC PLATES

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11
Q

The theory that describes large-scale movements of Earth’s lithosphere is called __________.

A

PLATE TECTONICS

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12
Q

The movement of material due to differences indensity is called ___________.`

A

CONVECTION

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13
Q

How is continental lithosphere different from oceanic lithosphere?

A

The continental crust is thicker and denser than the oceanic crust.

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14
Q

Identify eight major tectonic plates bywriting their names on the lines below.

A

Indo-Austrailian Plate, Nazca Plate, African Plate, Eurasian Plate, North American Plate, South American Plate, Pacific Plate, Antarctic Plate

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15
Q

What key evidence supports the hypothesis of continental drift?

A

That all the continents seem to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.

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16
Q

What additional evidence supports the theory of plate tectonics?

A

There are the same fossils on continents that are seperated by an ocean.

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17
Q

What type of plate boundary is shown? (pg 409)

A

Convergent Boundaries: Continent-Continent Collisions

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18
Q

What landform might form here? (pg 409)

A

Mountains

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19
Q

Why is subduction not occurring at this plate boundary? (pg 409)

A

They both have relatively the same density, so instead of one going under the other, they push upward to form mountains.

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20
Q

Describe ridge push and slab pull. Then describe the type of plate boundary at which each process occurs.

A

Slab pull is the process in which one tectonic plate sinks beneath another. Ridge push is the process in which new crust forms closer to the middle while pushing older crust farther outwards.

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21
Q

A normal fault is a result of a type of stress known as ________.

A

TENSION STRESS

22
Q

A strike-slip fault is a result of ________ stress.

A

SHEAR

23
Q

A reverse fault is caused by a type of stress known as ________.

A

COMPRESSION STRESS

24
Q

The Basinand Range province is characterized by many normal faults. (type of mountain)

A

Fault-Block Mountain

25
Q

The Cascade Range in the U.S. was built up by eruptions. (type of mountain)

A

Volcanic Mountain

26
Q

The Pyrenees Mountain have many synclines and anticlines. (type of mountain)

A

Folded Mountain

27
Q

How does the movement of tectonic plates cause events such as earthquakes?

A

Sometimes, a fault block suddenly slips and causes the ground to shake. This causes earthquakes.

28
Q

How do folded, volcanic, and fault-block mountains differ?

A

Folded mountains form when rock layers are squeezed together and pushed upward, volcanic mountains form when melted rock erupts onto earth’s surface, fault-block mountains form when tension makes the lithosphere break into many normal faults.

29
Q

What kind of fault is shown? What kind of stress formed this fault? (pg 421)

A

This is a reverse fault, compression formed this fault.

30
Q

Which fault block is the hanging wall and which is the footwall? (pg 421)

A

The top fault block above the fault plane is the hanging wall, and the bottom fault block below the fault plane is the footwall.

31
Q

Can rock undergo compression, tension, and shear stress all at once? Explain.

A

A rock (plate) can have stresses in different areas of the rock, but not in the same place/area.

32
Q

Imagine you are walking along a roadway and see a syncline. What can you conclude about the formation of that fold?

A

That there is a gap, between the plate boundaries, where lava/magma is escaping and creating new crust, while also pushing old crust outwards.

33
Q

What is the difference between magma and lava?

A

Magma, melted rock, is less dense than solid rock, so it rises toward the surface, while lava is magma that has reached earth’s surface.

34
Q

What is the difference between volcano and vent?

A

A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock comes out of the ground, while vent is the opening of a volcano.

35
Q

What is the difference between tectonic plate and hot spot?

A

A tectonic plate is each piece of the lithosphere (or giant sections), while a hot spot is a location where a column of extremely hot mantle rock, called a mantle plume, rises through the asthenosphere.

36
Q

How did the composite volcano in the image get its layered interior? (pg 433)

A

Every time the volcano erupts the lava adds a new layer as it flows down the sides. Thus growing the layered interior.

37
Q

Hot-spot volcanoes (description)

A

A hot-spot volcanoe erupts by having a tall column of mantle rock (magma/lava) shoot up past the asthenosphere.

38
Q

Cinder cones (description)

A

cinders and ash build up and form a steep volcano around a vent.

39
Q

Calderas (description)

A

a caldera is a depression left by a collapsed volcano.

40
Q

Why do you think the location surrounding the Pacific Ocean is known as the Ring of Fire?

A

Because there are a lot of volcanoes (and other natural disasters) in a ring shape.

41
Q

In Iceland, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs through the center of the country. What can you conclude about the appearance of Iceland many thousands of years from now?

A

Iceland will probably grow more into a bigger/wider mountain range.

42
Q

The return of rock to its original shape after elastic deformation.

A

ELASTIC REBOUND

43
Q

A place within Earth along a fault at which the first motion of an earthquake occurs.

A

FOCUS

44
Q

A break in the earth’s crust along which blocks of rock move.

A

FAULT

45
Q

Most of the earthquakes in Japan are a result of one plate sinking under another. (type of boundary)

A

Convergent Boundaries

46
Q

The African Rift Valley is a location where plates are moving apart. (type of boundary)

A

Divergent Boundaries

47
Q

The San Andreas fault is a location where tectonic plates move horizontally past each other. (type of boundary)

A

Transform Boundaries

48
Q

What causes an earthquake?

A

Ground movements that occur when blocks of rock in Earth move suddenly and release energy.

49
Q

Why do you think there is often only a short amount of time to evacuate an area before an earthquake?

A

Because people don’t know when the earthquake is going to happen.

50
Q

How does the image demonstrate that deformation has taken place? (pg 445)

A

The shear stress is causing the two plates to slide horizontally against each other.

51
Q

How does Earth’s surface and the structures on the surface change as a result of an earthquake? (pg 445)

A

Earthquakes can cause changes to landslides, mudslides, and the flow of groundwater. Earthquakes can also destroy skyscrapers, bridges, homes, railroads, and much more.

52
Q

Is pyroclastic material likely to form from low-viscosity lava or high-viscosity lava? Explain.

A

Pyroclastic material is more likely to form from low-viscosity because it is fast-moving and melts everything in its path.

Science 6th (8 decks)

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