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Physics > Forces New > Flashcards

Forces New Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does a straight diagonal line represent on a distance time graph

A

object is moving at a constant speed

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2
Q

what does a steeper line mean on a distance time graph

A

object is moving at a larger speed

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3
Q

what does increasing slope mean on distance time graphs

A

-increasing speed

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4
Q

what does decreasing slope mean on distance time graphs

A

-decreasing speed

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5
Q

how to calculate the speed from a distance time graph

A

-finding the gradient of the line

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6
Q

equation for average speed

A

total distance moved/total time taken

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7
Q

method to investigate motion of an object

A
  1. Measure out a height of 1.0 m using the tape measure or metre ruler
  2. Drop the object (paper cone or tennis ball) from this height, which is the distance travelled by the object
  3. Use the stop clock to measure how long the object takes to travel this distance
  4. Record the distance travelled and time taken
  5. Repeat steps 2-3 three times, calculating an average time taken for the object to fall a certain distance
  6. Repeat steps 1-4 for heights of 1.2 m, 1.4 m, 1.6 m, and 1.8 m
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8
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change in velocity

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9
Q

equation for acceleration

A

a(m/s²) = (final velocity - initial velocity)/time

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10
Q

what does a straight horizontal line represent in velocity time graphs

A

-the object is moving with a constant velocity

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11
Q

what does a positive gradient in velocity time graphs mean

A

-object is accelerating at an constant rate

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12
Q

what does an increasing slope mean in velocity time graphs

A

-object is accelerating at an increasing rate

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13
Q

what does an decreasing slope mean in velocity time graphs

A

-object is decelerating at an increasing rate

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14
Q

what is uniform acceleration

A

constant acceleration

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15
Q

how to find the distance moved of a velocity time graph

A

find the area under the line of the graph.

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16
Q

how to find the acceleration of a velocity time graph

A

find the gradient

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17
Q

equation for uniform acceleration

A

final speed² = initial speed² +2 x acceleration x distance moved

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18
Q

what is reaction force

A

when an object rests on a surface, the surface exerts a push force on the object

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19
Q

what is friction

A

is opposes the motion of an object, causing it to slow down

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20
Q

what is drag

A

-frictional force that occurs when an object moves through a fluid

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21
Q

air resistance

A

-type of drag that only is only applied to air

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22
Q

thrust

A

-a force produced by an engine that speeds ip the motion of an object

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23
Q

upthrust

A

-when an object is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts an up-ward acting push force on the object

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24
Q

electrostatic force

A

-the electrostatic force between two objects with charge

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25
Q

magnetic force

A

-the force between objects with magnetic poles

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26
Q

when does tension occur

A

-occurs in an object that is stretched

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27
Q

how can force affect an object

A

-change speed
-change direction
-change shape

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28
Q

what is a scalar

A

-quantities that have magnitude but not direction

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29
Q

what are vectors

A

quantities that have both magnitude and direction

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30
Q

displacement

A

measure of how far it is between two points in space, including the direction

31
Q

velocity

A

measure of the displacement of an object per unit time, including the direction

32
Q

what does a longer arrow mean in free body diagrams

A

-larger magnitude

33
Q

resultant force

A

-single force that describes all of the force operating on a body

34
Q

what are balanced forces

A

-the forces have combined such that they cancel each other out and no resultant force acts on the body

35
Q

unbalanced forces

A

forces have combined such that they do not cancel out completely and there is a resultant force on the object

36
Q

relationship between resultant force, mass and acceleration

A

f = m x a

37
Q

weight (vector)

A

-the force experienced by an object with mass when placed in a gravitational field

38
Q

mass

A

a measure of how much matter there is in an object

39
Q

how does the gravitational field strength change depending on the characteristics of the planet

A

greater mass = stronger gravitation field
more massive planets(larger) have stronger gravitational field

40
Q

relationship between weight, mass and gravitational field strength

A

w(N) = m(kg) x g(N/kg)

41
Q

stopping distance

A

-the total distance travelled during the time it takes to stop in an emergency

42
Q

stopping distance formula

A

stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance

43
Q

thinking distance

A

the distance travelled in the time it takes the driver to react to an emergency and prepare to stop

44
Q

factors of thinking distance

A

speed of car
reaction time of driver

45
Q

reaction time

A

-measure of how much time passes between seeing something and reacting to it

46
Q

reaction time factors

A

tiredness
distractions
intoxication(alcohol or drugs)

47
Q

braking distance

A

the distance travelled under the braking force in metres

48
Q

terminal velocity

A

the fastest speed an object can reach when falling

49
Q

factors affecting stopping distances

A

-vehicle speed
-vehicle mass
-road conditions
-driver reaction time

50
Q

what is the resultant force during terminal velocity

A

zero

51
Q

terminal velocity mark scheme

A

-there is a resultant force(can be weight when falling)
-it accelerates
-air resistance and friction increases as speed increases
-so acceleration decreases
-eventually air resistance + friction = driving force (forces are balanced)
-hence resultant force is zero
-object travels at a constant speed (terminal velocity)

52
Q

experiment to investigate force and extension

A
  1. Align the marker to a value on the ruler with no mass added, and record this initial length of the spring / rubber band
  2. Add the 100 g mass hanger onto the spring / rubber band
  3. Record the mass (in kg) and position (in cm) from the ruler now that the spring / rubber band has extended
  4. Add another 100 g to the mass hanger
  5. Record the new mass and position from the ruler now that the spring / rubber band has extended further
  6. Repeat this process until all masses have been added
  7. Remove the masses and repeat the entire process again, until it has been carried out a total of three times, and an average length (for each mass attached) is calculated
53
Q

Hooke’s law

A

the extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied

54
Q

limit of proportionality

A

the point beyond which the relationship between force and extension is no longer directly proportional

55
Q

elastic behaviour

A

the ability of material to recover its original shape after the forces causing the deformation have been removed

56
Q

elastic deformation

A

-when the object returns to its original shape after the deforming forces are removed

57
Q

inelastic deformation

A

when the object does not return to its original shape after the deforming force are removed

58
Q

equation linking load and extension

A

F = kx
k = spring constant
x = extension

59
Q

momentum equation

A

momentum = mass x velocity
p(kg m/s) = m(kg) x v(m/s)

60
Q

conservation of momentum

A

the total momentum before an interaction is equal to the total momentum after an interaction, if no external forces are acting on the objects

61
Q

how does the total momentum before a collision change after the collision

A

it does not change

62
Q

equation relating force, change in momentum and time

A

force = change in momentum/time

63
Q

safety features in vehicles to reduce impact of a force

A

increasing the contact time over which the collision occurs as force = rate of change in momentum
-seatbelts stretch slightly to increase time for passenger’s momentum to reach zero

64
Q

moment

A

-the turning effect of a force about a pivot

65
Q

equation for moment

A

M = F x d
d = perpendicular distance from the pivot

66
Q

what direction should the force be

A

perpendicular to the distance from the pivot

67
Q

how can you decrease the force required

A

increasing the distance the force is applied from the pivot

68
Q

principle of moments

A

if an object is balanced, the total clockwise moment about a pivot equals the total anticlockwise moment about that pivot

69
Q

how does the clockwise and anticlockwise moment differ in a balanced object

A

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

70
Q

how does moving a weight away from the centre of a beam to the right supported by two blocks change the force the left support must exert

A

it will decrease the force on the left block and increase the force on the right block

71
Q

centre of gravity

A

the point through which the weight of an object acts

72
Q

how to find the centre of mass on symmetrical objects of uniform density

A

centre of gravity is located at the point of symmetry

73
Q

how to find the centre of gravity on a irregular object

A
  1. suspend the irregular shape from a pivot and allow it to settle
  2. a plumb line is then held next to the pivot and a pencil is used to draw a vertical line from the pivot
  3. repeat this process, suspending the shape from two additional points
  4. the centre of mass is located at the point where all three lines cross

Physics (10 decks)

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