forces and exchange particles

Question 1

what are forces caused by

Answer 1

particle exchange

Question 2

what can you not have according to einstein

Answer 2

instantaneous action at a distance. so when two particles interact, something must happen to let one particle know that the other one’s there

Question 3

what is repulsion according to particle exchange

Answer 3

each time a ball is thrown or caught the people get pushed apart. it happens because the ball carries momentum

Question 4

what else can particle exchange explain

Answer 4

attraction

Question 5

what is attraction

Answer 5

each time a boomerang is thrown or caught the people get pushed together

Question 6

what are exchange particles called

Answer 6

gauge bosons

Question 7

what is the repulsion between protons caused by

Answer 7

the exchange of virtual photons, which are the gauge bosons of the electromagnetic force

Question 8

what are gauge bosons

Answer 8

virtual protons - they only exist for a very short time

Question 9

how many fundamental forces are there

Answer 9

4

Question 10

what are all forces in nature caused by

Answer 10

by 4 fundamental forces. the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, the electromagnetic force, and gravity

Question 11

what does each fundamental force have

Answer 11

its own gauge boson

Question 12

why did scientists never bother researching gravity

Answer 12

because it is incredibly feeble compared to other interactions and only matters for big masses like stars and planets

Question 13

what is the boson for electromagnetic interaction

Answer 13

virtual photon (symbol is curly y)

Question 14

what particles does electromagnetic interaction effect

Answer 14

charged particles only

Question 15

what is the boson for weak interaction

Answer 15

W+, W-

Question 16

what particles does weak interaction effect

Answer 16

all types

Question 17

what is the boson for strong interaction

Answer 17

pions (π+, π-, π^0)

Question 18

what particles does strong interaction effect

Answer 18

hadrons only

Question 19

what happens, the larger the mass of the boson

Answer 19

the shorter the range of the force

Question 20

what is the W boson mass relative to a proton and what does that mean for the range

Answer 20

the W boson mass is 100 times that of a proton, which gives the weak force a very short range

Question 21

why can a virtual W particle only exist for a very short time and cant travel far

Answer 21

because creating a virtual W particle uses so much energy

Question 22

in diagrams how are bosons represented

Answer 22

by wiggly lines

Question 23

how are other particles represented

Answer 23

by straight lines

Question 24

what is the range of a force for a photon

Answer 24

a photon has 0 mass giving you a force with infinite range

Question 25

when drawing diagrams where do incoming particles start from

Answer 25

start from the bottom of the diagram and move upwards

Question 26

what cant cross from one side to another when drawing diagrams

Answer 26

baryons and leptons

Question 27

what do you need to make sure is balanced

Answer 27

make sure the charges on both sides are balanced. the W bosons carry charge from one side of the diagram to the other

Question 28

what does the W- particle going to the left have the same effect as

Answer 28

the W+ particle going to the right

Question 29

what happens during electromagnetic repulsion and draw the diagram

Answer 29

when two particles with equal charges get close together, they repel

Question 30

what is a positron

Answer 30

a subatomic particle with same mass as an electron and a numerically equal but positive charge

Question 31

what happens during beta plus and beta minus decay and draw the diagram

Answer 31

you get an antineutrino in B- decay and a neutrino in B+ decay so that lepton number is conserved