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MRCS extra > Foramen - extra testing > Flashcards

Foramen - extra testing Flashcards

1
Q

Contents of Foramen Ovale

A

Contents: OVALE

  • Otic ganglion (inferior)
  • V3 cranial nerve (mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve)
  • Accessory meningeal artery
  • Lesser petrosal nerve
  • Emissary veins
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2
Q

Contents of Foramen Spinosum

A

Contents: MMA fighters break your SPINE

  • Middle Meningeal Artery
  • Middle Meningeal Vein
  • Meningeal branch of CN V3/Nervus Spinosus
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3
Q

Contents of Foramen Rotundum

A

Contents:

  • Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
  • Artery of foramen rotundum
  • Emissary veins
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4
Q

Contents of Foramen Lacerum

A

ICA Nerve/Artery of Pterygoid canal

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5
Q

Contents of Jugular Foramen

A

Contents: If someone hits you with a glass JUG call 9-11

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • Vagus nerve (CN X)
  • Accessory nerve (CN XI)
  • Jugular bulb
  • Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
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6
Q

Contents of Foramen Magnum

A

Contents: Special Meninges Make A Special Vertical Sheath

  • Spinal cord
  • Meninges
  • Meningeal lympthatics
  • Accessory nerve
  • Sympathetic plexus on vertebral arteries
  • Vertebral arteries
  • Spinal branch of vertebral arteries
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7
Q

Contents of Stylomastoid Foramen

A

Stylomastoid Artery

Facial Nerve

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8
Q

Contents of Superior Orbital Fissure

A

Contents: Lazy French Tarts Sit Nakedly In Sexual Anticipation

  • Lacrimal nerve
  • Frontal nerve (branch of opthalmic nerve of trigeminal nerve (CN V))
  • Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
  • Superior opthalmic vein
  • Nasociliary nerve (branch of opthalmic nerve (CN V1))
  • Inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  • Superior dividion of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  • Abducens nerve (CN VI)
  • (+ A branch of the inferior opthalmic vein)
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9
Q

CN I - Name + Exit Point

A

Ophthalmic

Cribiform Plate

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10
Q

CN II - Name + Exit Point

A

Optic

Optic Canal

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11
Q

CN III - Name + Exit Point

A

Oculomotor

Superior Orbital Fissure

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12
Q

CN IV - Name + Exit Point

A

Trochlear

Superior Orbital Fissure

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13
Q

CN V - Name + Exit Point

A

Trigeminal ‘Standing Room Only’

V1 - Sup Orbital Fissure

V2 - Foramen Rotundum

V3 - Foramen Ovale

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14
Q

CN VI - Name + Exit Point

A

Abducens

Superior Orbital Fissure

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15
Q

CN VII - Name + Exit Point

A

Facial Nerve

Interal Acoustic Meatus -> Foramen Spinosum

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16
Q

CN VIII - Name + Exit Point

A

Vestibulocochlear

IAM - Coke down (inf)

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17
Q

CN IX - Name + Exit Point

A

Glossopharyngeal

Jugular Foramen

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18
Q

CN X - Name + Exit Point

A

Vagus

Jugular Foramen

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19
Q

CN XI - Name + Exit Point

A

Accessory

Jugular Foramen

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20
Q

CN XII - Name + Exit Point

A

Hypoglossal

Hypoglossal Canal

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21
Q

Femoral artery

A

arises after inguinal ligament

enters femoral triangle

Profunda femoris

medial and lateral circumflex femoral artery

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22
Q

branches of internal iliac artery in lower limbs

A

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I: iliolumbar artery

L: lateral sacral artery

G: gluteal (superior and inferior) arteries

P: (internal) pudendal artery

I: inferior vesical (vaginal in females) artery

M: middle rectal artery

V: vaginal artery (females only)

O: obturator artery

U: umbilical artery and uterine artery (females only)

The first three branches in the mnemonic (iliolumbar, lateral sacral and superior gluteal) are branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery, the remaining branches are of the anterior division.

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23
Q

popliteal artery

A

arises after adductor hiatus (small gap in adductor magnus which allows vessels to pass posterior at the limb)

Branches at knee then:

anterior tibial artery (dorsalis pedis)
Tibioperoneal trunk (posterior tibial and peroneal)
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24
Q

Veins in the legs - deep

A

Anterior tibial vein

Posterior tibial vein

popliteal vein -

femoral vein

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25
Q

Superficial vein of legs

A

Great saphenous vein - medial aspect of leg, anterior to medial malleolus

Small saphenous vein - lateral aspect of leg - posterior to lateral malleolus, joins the popliteal vein

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26
Q

What travels through the cribiform foramina in the cribiform plate?

A

Location: Anterior cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Ethmoid bone

Contents:

  • Olfactory nerve (CN I)
  • Anterior ethmoidal nerves
27
Q

What travels through the optic canal?

A

Location: Middle cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Sphenoid bone

Contents:

  • Optic nerve (CN II)
  • Opthalmic artery (located inferolaterally within the canal)
28
Q

What travels through the superior orbital fissure?

A

Location: Middle cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Sphenoid bone

Contents: Lazy French Tarts Sit Nakedly In Sexual Anticipation

  • Lacrimal nerve
  • Frontal nerve (branch of opthalmic nerve of trigeminal nerve (CN V))
  • Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
  • Superior opthalmic vein
  • Nasociliary nerve (branch of opthalmic nerve (CN V1))
  • Inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  • Superior dividion of the oculomotor nerve (CN III)
  • Abducens nerve (CN VI)

(+ A branch of the inferior opthalmic vein)

29
Q

What travels through the foramen rotundum?

A

Location: Middle cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Sphenoid bone

Contents:

  • Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
  • Artery of foramen rotundum
  • Emissary veins
30
Q

What travels through the foramen ovale?

A

Location: Middle cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Sphenoid bone

Contents: OVALE

  • Otic ganglion (inferior)
  • V3 cranial nerve (mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve)
  • Accessory meningeal artery
  • Lesser petrosal nerve
  • Emissary veins
31
Q

What travels through foramen spinosum?

A

Location: Middle cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Sphenoid bone

Contents: MMA fighters break your SPINE

  • Middle Meningeal Artery
  • Middle Meningeal Vein
  • Meningeal branch of CN V3/Nervus Spinosus
32
Q

What travels through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Location: Middle cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Petrous part of temporal bone

Contents:

  • Facial nerve (CN VII)
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
  • Vestibular ganglion
  • Labrynthine artery

EXTRA:

There are 4 regions within the IAM: anterio-superior/anterio-inferior/postero-superior/postero-inferior

…Seven UP, Coke DOWN

  • Facial nerve (CN VII) located superiorly
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve located inferiorly
33
Q

What travels through the jugular foramen?

A

Location: Posterior cranial fossa

Cranial bone:

  • Anterior aspect= Petrous portion of temporal bone
  • Posterior aspect= Occipital bone

Contents: If someone hits you with a glass JUG call 9-11

  • Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • Vagus nerve (CN X)
  • Accessory nerve (CN XI)
  • Jugular bulb
  • Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
34
Q

What travels through the hypoglossal canal?

A

Location: Posterior cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Occipital bone

Content:

  • Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
35
Q

What travels through the foramen magnum?

A

Location: Posterior cranial fossa

Cranial bone: Occipital bone

Contents: Special Meninges Make A Special Vertical Sheath

  • Spinal cord
  • Meninges
  • Meningeal lympthatics
  • Accessory nerve
  • Sympathetic plexus on vertebral arteries
  • Vertebral arteries
  • Spinal branch of vertebral arteries
36
Q

Describe the borders of anterior triangle

A

Midline

Inferior border of mandible

Medial border of sternocleidomastoid

37
Q

Submental

A

Borders:
Inferiorly – hyoid bone.

Medially – midline of the neck.

Laterally – anterior belly of the digastric

Contents:
Lymph nodes

38
Q

Submandibular

A

Borders:
Superiorly – body of the mandible.

Anteriorly – anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Posteriorly – posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Contents:
Submandibular gland, lingual nerve
Facial artery and Vein

39
Q

Carotid triangle

A

Borders:
Superior – posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Lateral – medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Inferior – superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

Contents:
Common carotid artery(which bifurcates within the carotid triangle into the external and internal carotid arteries),
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossalandvagus nerves

40
Q

Muscular triangle borders

A

Borders:
Superiorly – hyoid bone.

Medially – imaginary midline of the neck.

Supero-laterally – superior belly of the omohyoid muscle.

Infero-laterally – inferior portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Contents:
Midline organs: thyroid, parathyroid, larynx, trachea, infrahyoid muscle

41
Q

Describe the borders of the posterior triangle

A

Borders:
Anterior – posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid.

Posterior – anterior border of the trapezius muscle.

Inferior – middle 1/3 of the clavicle.

Covered by investing layer of fascia and floor formed by prevertebral fascia

42
Q

Content of posterior triangle

A

Muscles - scalene, levator scapulae, splenius capitis, omohyoid (inf belly crosses post triangle in superomedial direction)

Vascular - External Jugular Vein (formed by retromandibular and posterior auricular vein) - drains into the Subclavian vein

Nerves - Spinal accessory nerve, cervical plexus inc. phrenic nerve

43
Q

Aorta - Abdominal branches

A

In Case My Students Really Love Games I‘m Monopoly

Inferior phrenic

Coeliac(T12)

Middle adrenal

SMA(L1)

Renal

Lumbar

Gonadal (L2),

IMA(L3),

Median sacral (L4),

44
Q

Coeliac trunk

A

T12

Left gastric (oesophageal branches)

Splenic (L gastroepiploic (greater curve stomach), short gastric arteries

Common hepatic artery : gives rise to R gastric, R + L hepatic, cystic and sup. and inf. gastroduodenal (head of panc.)

45
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

L1

Major branches:
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Jejunal & ileal arteries (forms the anastamotic arcades)

Right & middle colic

Ileocolic (gives rise to branches supply illeum, caecum, colon and appendix) - can ligate appendicular artery in appendix

46
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

L3, supplies the hindgut, retroperitoneal main branches:

Left colic (from distal 1/3 of transverse colon)

Sigmoid

Superior rectal

Anastomosis with middle colic - Marginal artery of Drummond

48
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Formed by CIV at L5

Drains - Lumbar veins, right gonadal, right adrenal, right and left renal, inferior phrenic and hepatic veins

52
Q

Venous drainage

A

IVC

Hepatic portal system

53
Q

External Carotid artery

A

Bifurcates from CCA at C4

She Always Likes Friends Over Papa, Mama and Sister

  • *S**uperior thyroid
  • *A**scending pharyngeal
  • *L**ingual
  • *F**acial
  • *O**ccipital
  • *P**osterior auricular
  • *M**axillary
  • *S**uperficial temporal
54
Q

Internal carotid artery

A

Bifurcates from CCA at C4 no extracranial branch enters via carotid canal

Calming Voices Make Intra-Operative Surgery Pleasurable And Almost Memorable

C: caroticotympanic artery (C2)

V: Vidian artery (C2)

M: meningohypophyseal trunk (C4)

I: inferolateral trunk (C4)

O: ophthalmic artery (C6)

S: superior hypophyseal artery (C6)

P: posterior communicating artery (C7)

A: anterior choroidal artery (C7)

A: anterior cerebal artery (C7)

M: middle cerebral artery (C7) - forms circle Willis

55
Q

Quadrangular space - content

A

axillary nerve

posterior circumflex humeral artery

56
Q

Quadrangular space - border

A

superior - teres minor

inferior - teres major

lateral - humerus

medial - long head of triceps

57
Q

Triangular space - borders

A

superior - teres minor

inferior - teres major

lateral - long head triceps

58
Q

Triangular interval - borders

A

Long head of triceps

Teres major

Humerus

59
Q

Clavipectoral triangle - borders

A

lateral - deltoid

superior - clavicle

inferior - pectoralis major

61
Q

Cubital fossa - borders

A

Lateral - brachioradialis

medial - pronator teres

superior - imaginary line between epicondyles

roof - bicipital aponeurosis

floor - brachialis and supinator

62
Q

Cubital fossa - content

A

Radial nerve

Biceps tendon

Brachial artery

Median nerve

63
Q

Carpal tunnel - borders

A

Formed by two layers - deep carpal arch and superficial flexor retinaculum

Lateral - scaphoid, trapezium

Medial - hamate, pisiform

64
Q

Carpal tunnel - content

A

FDS/FDP/FPL tendons

median nerve

65
Q

Anatomical snuffbox - borders

A

Medial/ulnar - Extensor pollicis longus

Lateral - Extensor pollicis brevis, Abductor Pollicis longus

Proximal - radius styloid

Floor - scaphoid and trapezium

66
Q

Anatomical snuffbox - content

A

Radial artery

Radial nerve

cephalic vein

71
Q

Clavipectoral triangle - content

A

Cephalic vein

lateral pectoral nerve

medial pectoral nerve

78
Q

Triangular INTERVAL contents

A

Radial nerve

Profunda brachii artery

79
Q

Hesselbachs Triangle and relevance

A

Medial – lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle.

Lateral – inferior epigastric vessels.

Inferior – inguinal ligament.

Demarcate an area of potential weakness in the abdominal wall – through which herniation of the abdominal contents can occur.

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