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Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal localised dilation of a blood vessel to more than 1.5 times its normal diameter

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2
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Deposition of abnormal fibrillar proteins in extracellular tissue forming a rigid sheet like structure.

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3
Q

True aneurysm vs False Aneurysm

A

True: All three layers (Intima Media Adventitia) False: Bounded by only part of the vessel wall

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4
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

Forceful sepration of aortic wall layers tue to tear in intima

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5
Q

Definition of Ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Pathaogical process of the vasculature in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol

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7
Q

Abscess

A

Collection of pus surrounded by granulation tissue

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8
Q

Pain

A

Acute sensory and emotional response to actual or potential tissue damage

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9
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain resulting from damage to pain signalling pathway

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10
Q

Abscess

A

Collection of pus surrounded by granulation or fibrous tissue

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11
Q

Pus

A

Collection of neutrophils together with dead or dying micro-organisms

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12
Q

Cyst

A

Abnormal membranous sac containing liquid or semi-solid substance lined by epithelial or endothelial cells

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13
Q

Psudocyst

A

Similar to a cyst but lacking the epithelial / endothelial lining

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14
Q

Sinus

A

Blind ending tract lined by granulation tissue normally connecting an abscess to the skin

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15
Q

Stoma

A

Surgical opening into a hollow viscus

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16
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal permanent localised dilation f a blood vessel to > 1.5x its normal diameter

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17
Q

Diverticula

A

Abnormal outpouching of a hollow viscus into surrounding tissues

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18
Q

Thrombus

A

Solid material formed from the constituents of blood in flowing blood

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19
Q

Clot

A

Solid material formed from the constituents of blood in stationary blood

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20
Q

Embolus

A

Abnormal mass of undissolved material carried in the blood stream from one place to another

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21
Q

Necrosis

A

Abnormal tissue death occurring during life

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22
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

Exaggerated response of host immune system to particular stimuli
ACID - Type 1 Anaphylactic, Type 2 Cytotoxic, Type 3 immune complex mediated, Type 4 Delayed Hypersensitivity

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23
Q

Tumour Marker

A

Substance found in the circulation of a patient with neoplasia used for diagnosis or disease monitoring

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24
Q

Polyp

A

Pedunculate mass of tissue arising from an epithelial surface

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25
Neoplasm
Abnormal growth of tissue developing in an uncoordinated manner exceeding normal tissue growth and continues despite removal of original stimulus
26
Hyperplasia
Increase in size of organ due to increase in number of cells present. Cells are of normal size and morphology.
27
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of organ due to increase in size of cells present. Number of cells and morphology remain same.
28
Hamartoma
Tumour like malformation of disorganiased arrangement of different amounts of tissue grown under normal controls
29
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of one type of differentiated cell with another
30
Dysplasia
An increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the tissue (often thought to precede neoplasia) such as cervical dysplasia as a result of human papillomavirus infection.
31
Carcinoma
Malignant tumour of epithelial cells
32
Sarcoma
Malignant tumour of connective tissue
33
Metastasis
Survival and growth of cells that have migrated from a malignant tumour to a distant site
34
Granuloma
Collection of epithelioid macrophages
35
Granuloatmous Inflammation
Chronic inflammation characterised by presence of epithelioid macrophages fused to form giant (Langerhan’s) cells
36
Fistula
Abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces that is lined with granulation tissue
37
Respiration
Transport of oxygen from air to tissue cells and transport of Co2 from tissue to air
38
Breathing
Process of moving air in and out of lungs
39
Respiratory failure
Failure of gas exchange resulting in hypoxaemia or hypercapneia Type 1 - Hypoxaemia only Type 2 - Hypoxaemia and Hypercapneia
40
DIC
Pathological activation of blood coagulation resulting in combined fibrin production and fibrinolysis consumption of coagulation factors and microvascular thrombi Use Factor V and VIII
41
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death producing apoptotic bodies that are phagocytes without creating inflammatory reaction requires energy
42
Hamartoma
Tumour-like malformation consisting of disorganised arrangement of tissues normally found at site. e.g. Haemangiomas, Lipomas, Peutz-Jehers.
43
Metaplasia
Revesible conversion of one fully differentiated cell type from one sub-group to another. Eg Aden- -> Squamous in GORD
44
Ulcer
Abnormal discontinuation of a mucous membrane
45
Dermoid Cyst
Cystic teratoma containing mature tissues
46
Sebaceous Cyst
Closed cyst below skin surface filled with sebum and possessing a central punctum
47
Nosocomial Infection
Hospital acquired infection.
48
Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction
Anaphylactic, IgE
49
Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction
Cytotoxic: IgG, IgM. Hours to minutes post exposure
50
Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction
Immune Complex: IgG, Ig A, IgM eg Sarcoidosis, Aspergillosis
51
Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction
Delayed type: T-cells. Eg contact dermatitis
52
Types of Thyroid Ca
``` Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Anaplastic thyroid Ca Lymphoma ```
53
Papillary Carcinoma
Most common type thyroid Ca (75%) Seen in women aged 40-50y/o Multiple lesions in glands. Cells are papillary and colloid filled follicles with papillary projections. Spread via lymphatics
54
Follicular Carcinoma
Seen women aged 40-60 Present as focal encapsulated lesions Spreads via haematogenous to bones and lungs
55
Medullary Carcinoma
Arise in parafollicular cells Raised Calcitonin levels Linked to MEN 2 syndrome Spreads via lymph and medullary routes
56
Anaplastic thyroid Ca
Present in elderly Grow rapidly with early local invasion Prognosis poor - treatment supportive Metastasis early - local lymph nodes in head and neck
57
GCS
Eyes (Spontaneous, To sound, To pressure,None) Verbal (Orientated, Confused, Words, Sounds, None) Motor (obeys commands, localises pain, Normal flexion, Abnormal flexion, Extension, None)
58
What is Cushings sign in raised ICP
Hypertension Bradycardia Respiratory depression
59
Graves
Hyperthyroidism where antibodies produced (TSI and Thyroid stim. hormone receptor antidbody) bind to receptor for TSH on follicular cells.
60
Hashimotos
Thyroid follicles destroyed by anti TPO antibodies - Hypothyroidism
61
Horners syndrome
miosis (constriction of the pupil), ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), and anhidrosis (distribution is related - postganglionic (eg cluster headache, carotid artery aneurysm): no anhidrosis, preganglionic (eg goitre, klumpke paralysis): anhidrosis of face, central (eg MS): anhidrosis trunk, face and arm.)

MRCS extra (5 decks)

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