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MRCS extra > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal localised dilation of a blood vessel to more than 1.5 times its normal diameter

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2
Q

Amyloidosis

A

Deposition of abnormal fibrillar proteins in extracellular tissue forming a rigid sheet like structure.

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3
Q

True aneurysm vs False Aneurysm

A

True: All three layers (Intima Media Adventitia) False: Bounded by only part of the vessel wall

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4
Q

Aortic Dissection

A

Forceful sepration of aortic wall layers tue to tear in intima

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5
Q

Definition of Ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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6
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Pathaogical process of the vasculature in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol

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7
Q

Abscess

A

Collection of pus surrounded by granulation tissue

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8
Q

Pain

A

Acute sensory and emotional response to actual or potential tissue damage

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9
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain resulting from damage to pain signalling pathway

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10
Q

Abscess

A

Collection of pus surrounded by granulation or fibrous tissue

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11
Q

Pus

A

Collection of neutrophils together with dead or dying micro-organisms

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12
Q

Cyst

A

Abnormal membranous sac containing liquid or semi-solid substance lined by epithelial or endothelial cells

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13
Q

Psudocyst

A

Similar to a cyst but lacking the epithelial / endothelial lining

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14
Q

Sinus

A

Blind ending tract lined by granulation tissue normally connecting an abscess to the skin

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15
Q

Stoma

A

Surgical opening into a hollow viscus

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16
Q

Aneurysm

A

Abnormal permanent localised dilation f a blood vessel to > 1.5x its normal diameter

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17
Q

Diverticula

A

Abnormal outpouching of a hollow viscus into surrounding tissues

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18
Q

Thrombus

A

Solid material formed from the constituents of blood in flowing blood

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19
Q

Clot

A

Solid material formed from the constituents of blood in stationary blood

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20
Q

Embolus

A

Abnormal mass of undissolved material carried in the blood stream from one place to another

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21
Q

Necrosis

A

Abnormal tissue death occurring during life

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22
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions

A

Exaggerated response of host immune system to particular stimuli
ACID - Type 1 Anaphylactic, Type 2 Cytotoxic, Type 3 immune complex mediated, Type 4 Delayed Hypersensitivity

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23
Q

Tumour Marker

A

Substance found in the circulation of a patient with neoplasia used for diagnosis or disease monitoring

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24
Q

Polyp

A

Pedunculate mass of tissue arising from an epithelial surface

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25
Q

Neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth of tissue developing in an uncoordinated manner exceeding normal tissue growth and continues despite removal of original stimulus

26
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in size of organ due to increase in number of cells present. Cells are of normal size and morphology.

27
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of organ due to increase in size of cells present. Number of cells and morphology remain same.

28
Q

Hamartoma

A

Tumour like malformation of disorganiased arrangement of different amounts of tissue grown under normal controls

29
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of one type of differentiated cell with another

30
Q

Dysplasia

A

An increasing degree of disordered growth or maturation of the tissue (often thought to precede neoplasia) such as cervical dysplasia as a result of human papillomavirus infection.

31
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumour of epithelial cells

32
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumour of connective tissue

33
Q

Metastasis

A

Survival and growth of cells that have migrated from a malignant tumour to a distant site

34
Q

Granuloma

A

Collection of epithelioid macrophages

35
Q

Granuloatmous Inflammation

A

Chronic inflammation characterised by presence of epithelioid macrophages fused to form giant (Langerhan’s) cells

36
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces that is lined with granulation tissue

37
Q

Respiration

A

Transport of oxygen from air to tissue cells and transport of Co2 from tissue to air

38
Q

Breathing

A

Process of moving air in and out of lungs

39
Q

Respiratory failure

A

Failure of gas exchange resulting in hypoxaemia or hypercapneia
Type 1 - Hypoxaemia only Type 2 - Hypoxaemia and Hypercapneia

40
Q

DIC

A

Pathological activation of blood coagulation resulting in combined fibrin production and fibrinolysis consumption of coagulation factors and microvascular thrombi
Use Factor V and VIII

41
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death producing apoptotic bodies that are phagocytes without creating inflammatory reaction requires energy

42
Q

Hamartoma

A

Tumour-like malformation consisting of disorganised arrangement of tissues normally found at site. e.g. Haemangiomas, Lipomas, Peutz-Jehers.

43
Q

Metaplasia

A

Revesible conversion of one fully differentiated cell type from one sub-group to another. Eg Aden- -> Squamous in GORD

44
Q

Ulcer

A

Abnormal discontinuation of a mucous membrane

45
Q

Dermoid Cyst

A

Cystic teratoma containing mature tissues

46
Q

Sebaceous Cyst

A

Closed cyst below skin surface filled with sebum and possessing a central punctum

47
Q

Nosocomial Infection

A

Hospital acquired infection.

48
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity reaction

A

Anaphylactic, IgE

49
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity reaction

A

Cytotoxic: IgG, IgM. Hours to minutes post exposure

50
Q

Type 3 Hypersensitivity reaction

A

Immune Complex: IgG, Ig A, IgM eg Sarcoidosis, Aspergillosis

51
Q

Type 4 Hypersensitivity reaction

A

Delayed type: T-cells. Eg contact dermatitis

52
Q

Types of Thyroid Ca

A 
Papillary carcinoma
Follicular carcinoma
Medullary carcinoma
Anaplastic thyroid Ca
Lymphoma
53
Q

Papillary Carcinoma

A

Most common type thyroid Ca (75%)
Seen in women aged 40-50y/o
Multiple lesions in glands. Cells are papillary and colloid filled follicles with papillary projections.
Spread via lymphatics

54
Q

Follicular Carcinoma

A

Seen women aged 40-60
Present as focal encapsulated lesions
Spreads via haematogenous to bones and lungs

55
Q

Medullary Carcinoma

A

Arise in parafollicular cells
Raised Calcitonin levels
Linked to MEN 2 syndrome
Spreads via lymph and medullary routes

56
Q

Anaplastic thyroid Ca

A

Present in elderly
Grow rapidly with early local invasion
Prognosis poor - treatment supportive
Metastasis early - local lymph nodes in head and neck

57
Q

GCS

A

Eyes (Spontaneous, To sound, To pressure,None)
Verbal (Orientated, Confused, Words, Sounds, None)
Motor (obeys commands, localises pain, Normal flexion, Abnormal flexion, Extension, None)

58
Q

What is Cushings sign in raised ICP

A

Hypertension
Bradycardia
Respiratory depression

59
Q

Graves

A

Hyperthyroidism where antibodies produced (TSI and Thyroid stim. hormone receptor antidbody) bind to receptor for TSH on follicular cells.

60
Q

Hashimotos

A

Thyroid follicles destroyed by anti TPO antibodies - Hypothyroidism

61
Q

Horners syndrome

A

miosis (constriction of the pupil), ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), and anhidrosis (distribution is related - postganglionic (eg cluster headache, carotid artery aneurysm): no anhidrosis, preganglionic (eg goitre, klumpke paralysis): anhidrosis of face, central (eg MS): anhidrosis trunk, face and arm.)

MRCS extra (5 decks)

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