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ANSC 315 Exam 2 > Forages > Flashcards

Forages Flashcards

1
Q

Forages are feedstuffs containing greater than _____ crude fiber

A

18%

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2
Q

Forages make up the first 3 feed classes in the IFNS of feed classification including ________, _________, and _________

A
  • forages fed fresh (pastures, green chop)
  • hays and hulls (dry forages)
  • silages (forages stored by anaerobic fermentation)
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3
Q

Forages have the (greatest/least) variation in nutrient content of all feedstuffs

A

greatest

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4
Q

Nutritional value varies according to: (4 things)

A
  • forage species used
  • stage of maturity of forage at harvest
  • harvest and storage process
  • parts actually consumed by animal (leaf vs stem; most digestible vs least digestible)
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5
Q

Forage cell wall (NDF) is the largest determinant of ________

A

forage intake

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6
Q

Calculation method of Relative Feeding Value

A
  • estimate digestible dry matter (%DDM)
  • estimate dry matter intake (DMI)

RFV = (DDM x DMI)/1.29

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7
Q

Cool season grasses (C3 plants) photosynthesize best at _________ (temp.)

A

65 - 75 degrees F

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8
Q

Cool season grass examples

A

orchardgrass
timothy
ryegrass
tall fescue

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9
Q

warm season grasses (C4) maximize their photosynthesis at _______ and are ______ more efficient at capturing solar energy than C3 plants

A

90 - 95 degrees F

40%

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10
Q

warm season grass examples

A

switchgrass
big bluestem
bermuda grass

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11
Q

factors affecting grass growth rate

A

day length
temperature
rainfall
grass type (cool vs warm)

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12
Q

general characteristics of grasses

A
  • 10-18% CP on average
  • higher in cell wall NDF but lower in lignification of cell wall compared to legumes
  • better suited for pastures
  • more suitable for repro cycle of beef cattle and sheep
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13
Q

What is bloat?

A

failure of the eructation process

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14
Q

risk factors of bloat?

A

lush forages contain proteins that lead to gas bubble formation

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15
Q

treatment and prevention of bloat?

A
  • stimulate chewing
  • stomach tube or rumen trocar
  • feeding dry hay prior to pasture turnout
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16
Q

legumes do not require ________

A

nitrogen fertilization -

capable of fixing their own nitrogen from the atmosphere through a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria

17
Q

legumes have ______ protein ( ______%) and ______ calcium ( _____%)

A 
high protein (15-25%)
high calcium (1.5-2%)
18
Q

examples of legumes

A

alfalfa
red clover
white clover
birdsfoot trefoil

19
Q

legumes don’t graze well because

A

it causes lodging and bloat problems but can work well in grass-legume mixtures

20
Q

legumes are lower in cell wall content than grasses BUT cell wall is more highly ______ making the fiber less digestible

A

lignified

21
Q

advantages of using mixtures of grasses and legumes

A
  • less N fertilizer is required for grasses
  • efficient use of space
  • less risk of bloat
22
Q

disadvantages of using mixtures of grasses and legumes

A
  • variability in nutrient composition

- over time one species predominates

23
Q

types of pastures

A 
permanent
rotational
strip
rangeland
stockpiled
24
Q

Range Land

A

land that contains native grasses and shrubs that is suitable for grazing

25
Q

why is range land not suitable for intensive agriculture

A
  • inadequate rainfall
  • inadequate soils
  • poor drainage
  • poor fertility
  • too steep for row crop farming
26
Q

advantages of permanent pasture

A
  • animals have continuous access
  • low labor input
  • equivalent to rotational grazing during early system
27
Q

disadvantages of permanent pasture

A
  • quality is not maintained during the growing season
  • animals become very selective
  • relatively low stocking rates
28
Q

Managed Intensive Rotational Grazing (MIRG)

A
  • system where pastures are managed for optimal digestibility and yield to maximize animal productivity per unit land
  • involves rotation of animals through paddocks every 21-28 days where animals spend no more than 1-2 days per paddock
29
Q

advantages of rotational grazing

A
  • maintaining forages in a vegetative state

- maximize animal performance

30
Q

disadvantages of rotational grazing

A

requires repeated nitrogen filtration unless legume mixtures are used

31
Q

strip grazing

A
  • variation on rotational grazing except that a strip of a large field is opened on 12-48 hr intervals
  • more efficient use of pasture, less permanent fencing
32
Q

Green chop

A

forages that are harvested mechanically, transported to the feed manager and fed fresh

33
Q

advantage of green chop

A

reduced weather and field losses as compared to pasture systems

34
Q

disadvantages of green chop

A
  • energy and labor intensive
  • stage of maturity problems
  • rain problems, hauling water accumulated on forage during wet weather
35
Q

Hay has to be dried to ______ moisture for safe storage without mold

A
36
Q

examples of perennials

A 
orchardgrass
kentucky bluegrass
timothy
smooth bromegrass
tall fescue
37
Q

examples of annuals

A

wheat
rye
oats

ANSC 315 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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