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Physiological Psychology > For Quiz 2 > Flashcards

For Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the larynx change evolutionarily?

A

larynx changed to allow us to make more sound, but made us more vulnerable to choking

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2
Q

T/F: Those who are left-handed have less lateralization than those who are right-handed.

A

True

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3
Q

What brain region is associated with Aphasia?

A

L MCA

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Broca’s Aphasia?

A
  • Frontal and motor cortex = impaired speed production
  • speech is slow and broken
  • Expressive aphasia
  • Worsens with anxiety or pressure demands
  • Generally aware of their impairment
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A
  • Posterior temporal lobe and primary auditory cortex = impaired comprehension
  • Receptive aphasia
  • Impaired language comprehension
  • Fluent, but speak “word salad”
  • Often unaware of their impairment
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6
Q

T/F: Aphasia only occurs in verbal form.

A

False. Aphasia can occur for those who are deaf, and it can affect reading and writing as well.

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7
Q

What is it called if you have both types of aphasia?

A

Global Aphasia

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8
Q

What is the process by which experiences change our nervous system and our behavior

A

Learning

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9
Q

What are the three stages of learning?

A

Stage 1: sensory information
Stage 2: short term memory
Stage 3: long term memory

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10
Q

Sensory information

A
  • Information is first processed through our senses
  • It takes less than 1second
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11
Q

Short term memory

A
  • Meaningful/salient information that can be retained for less than 1 minute
  • repetition or chunking can help this process
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12
Q

What is the 7 +/- 2 rule?

A

In repetition or chunking, you can remember 7 +/- 2 items at a given time

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13
Q

What is the process of short term memories being converted into long term memories called?

A

Consolidation

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14
Q

What brain area is involved in long term memory?

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

What can help strengthen memory?

A

Increased retrieval, such as rehearsals

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16
Q

What are the four types of learning?

A

Stimulus-Response Learning
Motor Learning
Perceptual Learning
Observational Learning

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17
Q

What are the two types of stimulus-response learning?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Which brain regions are involved in classical conditioning?

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Thalamus

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19
Q

Which conditioning involves positive/negative reinforcement/punishment?

A

Operant conditioning

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20
Q

Which brain regions are involved in operant conditioning?

A

Mesolimbic and mesocortical systems
Basal ganglia

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21
Q

What is motor learning and which brain region is involved?

A

Learning a skilled task and then practicing with a goal in mind until the skill is executed automatically.
Basal ganglia

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22
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A
  • When repeated exposure enhances the ability to discriminate between two (or more) otherwise confusable stimuli.
  • Allows us to identify and categorize objects
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23
Q

What prior experiences influence perceptual learning?

A

Attribution bias
Confirmation bias

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24
Q

What is observational learning, and what are some of its characteristics?

A
  • Process of learning by watching the behaviors of models
  • Occurs via operant conditioning and vicarious conditioning
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25
Q

What are two types of modeling in observational learning, and how are they different?

A
  • Prosocial modeling: prompts engagement in helpful and healthy bx
  • Antisocial modeling: prompt others to engage in aggressive/unhealthy bx
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26
Q

We are more likely to mimic models who:

A
  • Perceived positively (liked, high status)
  • Shared traits
  • Stand out
  • Familiarity
  • Self-Efficacy in mimicry
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27
Q

What is the type of brain cell that respond equally when we perform an action and when we witness someone else perform the same action?

A

Mirror neurons

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28
Q

In which brain areas are mirror neurons concentrated in?

A

PFC and Amygdala

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29
Q

T/F: Brain responds the same way to performing, witnessing, and hearing an action.

A

True, because of mirror neurons.

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30
Q

What are some things that we experience that are enabled by mirror neurons?

A
  • Empathy/Intention
  • Skill Building through Mimicry
  • Vicarious Experience
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31
Q

What are some aspects of learning that are backed by evidence?

A
  • Interleaving/Spaced Learning
  • Writing rather than typing
  • Studying in natural light
  • Power Nap (caffeine hack)
  • Context-Dependent learning
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32
Q

What is spaced learning?

A

Taking break between learning periods (e.g., study a bit today, study a bit tomorrow, so your brain has time to process and accumulate learning)

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33
Q

What is interleaving?

A

When studying for three different topics, switching topics every 45 minutes and rotating

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34
Q

What are two types of long-term memory, and how are they different?

A

Explicit (conscious; aka declarative)
Implicit (unconscious; aka procedural)

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35
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Unconscious recall of how to perform an action or skill (e.g., remembering how to ride a bike)

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36
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory, and how are they different?

A

Episodic: involve context (e.g., where
you parked your car)

Semantic: involve facts without context (e.g., the sun is a star)

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37
Q

HM had his hippocampus and amygdala removed for his seizures. What happened afterwards?

A
  • Reduction in seizure
  • increase in IQ
  • emotions stable
  • complete amnesia (“today I woke for the first time”)
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38
Q

Hippocampus volume loss is seen in which population?

A

Alzheimer dementia, depression, childhood stress, ETOH, PTSD, BPD

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39
Q

At what age does memory peak?

A

Age 8

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40
Q

What are the two types of amnesia, and how are they different?

A

Anterograde: loss of ability to form new memory (but repeated task can become procedural memory)

Retrograde: loss of memory for event prior to injury (in extreme cases, procedural memories can be lost)

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41
Q

What are the two mechanisms of stroke?

A
  • Something blocking blood supply to part of the brain
  • A blood vessel in the brain bursts
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42
Q

What is the mechanism of infarct?

A

tissue necrosis

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43
Q

What is the #1 risk factor of CVD?

A

Hypertension (BP higher than 140/90)

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44
Q

What are some other risk factors of CVD?

A

Diabetes
Smoking
Obstructive sleep apnea
Obesity

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45
Q

What are the three types of stroke?

A

Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

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46
Q

Ischemic stroke

A
  • Obstruct in the flow of blood in the brain
  • Thrombus (blood clot in blood vessel) or embolus (piece of plaque traveled to the artery in the brain)
  • Brain tissue dies slowly; the brain tries to compensate until it can’t any longer
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47
Q

T/F: Blood is poison for the brain, and this could lead to seizure

A

True

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48
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Caused by bleeding in the brain

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49
Q

What is the more common type of stroke?

A

Ischemic (88%)

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50
Q

TIA

A
  • A stroke that lasts only a few minutes.
  • 1/3 will eventually have a stroke (precursor)
  • 50% within 1 year
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51
Q

What is the process of immediate cause of neuron death in ischemic stroke?

A

Excessive amounts of glutamate (decreased O2 -> excessive glutamate -> overstimulation of NMDA receptors -> over activation of microglia -> cell death)

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52
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Where the internal carotid arteries branch into smaller arteries that supply oxygenated blood to over 80% of the cerebrum.

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53
Q

Three blood vessels that internal carotid arteries (ICA) send blood to:

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery

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54
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A
  • where 90% of strokes occur
  • Largest of the brain arteries
  • Supplies most of the outer surface of the frontal, parietal, temporal lobes and the basal ganglia.
55
Q

MCA stroke symptoms

A
  • Contralateral Weakness & Sensory Loss in UPPER extremities
  • Homonymous Hemianopia (loss of visual field)
  • Speech Deficits (for L MCA)
  • Neglect and poor motivation (for R MCA)
56
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A
  • Stroke in this area less common (L > R)
  • Feeds deep structures in the brain, frontal, parietal, corpus callosum and bottom of the cerebrum
57
Q

ACA stroke symptoms

A
  • Contralateral Motor and sensory loss in Lower Extremities
  • Poor gait and coordination (clumsy)
  • Slowed initiation (Abulia)
  • Flat Affect
  • Urinary Incontinence
58
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A
  • Accounts for 5-10% of strokes
  • Supplies blood to cerebellum and brainstem
59
Q

PCA stroke symptoms

A
  • Impaired consciousness (pons)
  • Nausea/Vomiting (medulla)
  • Ataxia (cerebellum)
  • Vision changes
  • Nystagmus
60
Q

Facts about arteriovenous malformations (AVM)

A
  • Tangle of arteries and veins without connecting capillaries
  • Acquired through inborn genetic mutation
  • 1-2% of all strokes
  • Variable size (2mm to several cm)
  • Compresses neighboring structures and “steals” blood flow from surrounding regions
  • Sx onset between ages 10-40
  • Intracranial Hemorrhage most common presentation
61
Q

What are the three common psychiatric considerations post-stroke?

A

Depresion, anxiety, psychosis

62
Q

What are some facts about depression post-stroke?

A
  • Occurs in 1 out of 3 survivors
  • 6x greater risk of having depression 2-3 years post stroke
  • More common in L frontal and basal ganglia strokes
  • adversely effects functional recovery
  • Antidepressant is crucial because there is neurochemical imbalance in the brain
  • Risk Factors: Premorbid depression & Social isolation post stroke
63
Q

What are some facts about anxiety post-stroke?

A
  • 1 in 4 survivors meet GAD criteria post-stroke
  • Less common than depression
64
Q

What are some facts about psychosis post-stroke?

A
  • More common in R-temporo-parietal-occipito area lesions, seizures, and subcortical atrophy
  • Pseudobulbar Affect = 10-15% post stroke patients
  • Hypomanic symptoms = 1%
65
Q

What is pseudo bulbar affect?

A

Post-stroke psychosis symptom where the individual’s body is unable to regulate their emotional expression (e.g., the person is watching something very sad, but they laugh)

66
Q

If you suspect a stroke, BE FAST:

A

Balance
Eyes
Face
Arms
Speech
Time

67
Q

What is tissue plasminogen (tPA)?

A
  • One of the most effective treatment for stroke
  • Must be administered within 4.5 hours
  • helps restore blood flow to brain regions affected by stroke, but after 4.5 hours, increases hemorrhagic effect
68
Q

What is the correctional mechanisms that replenish the body’s depleted stores of water or nutrients?

A

Ingestive Behavior

69
Q

What is the fluid distribution in our body?

A

2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular

70
Q

What are the two types of extracellular fluid?

A
  • Intravascular (blood plasma)
  • Interstitial (fluid that bathes the cells)
71
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water via osmosis in the relationships between interstitial and intracellular regions.

72
Q

What bodily functions are based on negative feedback loop?

A

Hunger and thirst

73
Q

How long does it take for the body to realize negative feedback loop of hunger?

A

20 minutes

74
Q

What are the two types of thirst, and how are they different?

A

Osmometric: Interstitial fluid is hypertonic (e.g., salty food), which triggers cell dehydration; standard every-day thirst
Volumetric: Intravascular volume decreases (hypovolemia) caused by bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea; leads to increased blood pressure

75
Q

T/F: Dehydration of cells is part of body’s natural dying process.

A

True

76
Q

If IV fluids do not remain in the vascular system, it can cause:

A

Edema
Swelling
Eventual respiratory distress

77
Q

Ketosis (resulting from reduction in eating) can have what effects on the body?

A

Reduction in appetite and thirst
Pain relief
Euphoria

78
Q

What is the hormone released by the stomach when individuals are fasting or the digestive system is empty?

A

Ghrelin

79
Q

When does ghrelin increase and decrease?

A

Increase: before eating
Decrease: after eating

80
Q

How is ghrelin level related to cortisol level?

A

Inversely
Low ghrelin= increased cortisol (stress/anxiety)
High ghrelin= decreased cortisol (reduced stress/anxiety)

81
Q

What is the brain-body mechanism of ghrelin?

A
  • Ghrelin binds to receptors in the hypothalamus -> Activates Orexin producing neurons
    -> Stimulates eating behaviors/hunger (e.g., GI contraction aka “growling”)
82
Q

What is the Prader-Willi syndrome?

A

A genetic disorder where the individual never feel satiated (hyper-phagia due to excessive levels of ghrelin)

83
Q

Which brain regions does ghrelin activate?

A

Lateral and Ventromedial hypothalamus

84
Q

What is the function of Lateral Hypothalamus in eating?

A

Produces orexin and motivates eating behavior
Activated: overeating
Deactivated: stop eating

85
Q

What is the function of Ventromedial Hypothalamus?

A

Activated: suppression of eating
Deactivated: overeating

86
Q

What happens to ghrelin level with adjustable gastric band?

A

Ghrelin level initially drops, but increases by 50% at 8 months

87
Q

Which chemicals produce significant weight loss in obesity?

A

Naltrexone (an opioid antagonist) and bupropion
(a dopamine agonist)

88
Q

T/F: Nutritional value of food does not affect satiation.

A

False. Higher the nutritional value, the longer satiation lasts

89
Q

T/F: Having more options for food and having larger plate size increases food intake.

A

True

90
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is correlated with depression?

A

Vitamin D

91
Q

What are some symptoms of magnesium deficiency?

A
  • Increased agitation and anxiety
  • headaches and sleeplessness
  • restless leg syndrome
92
Q

T/F: Omega-3 fatty oils can be an effective add-on for treatment (therapy) for depression.

A

True

93
Q

What are some brain mechanisms seen in anorexia?

A
  • Loss of gray and white matter in the brain
  • Enlarged ventricles and widened sulci (shrinkage of brain tissue)
  • Inhibited emotional facial expression
  • Tissue loss can be reversed with successful treatment of the eating disorder
94
Q

T/F: Anorexia is environmental, and its effect on tissue loss is irreversible.

A

False. Anorexia is 58-76% hereditary, and tissue loss can be reversed.

95
Q

Which brain regions are associated with Bulimia nervosa?

A
  • Precuneus (lower blood flow to this region)
  • Amygdala (higher activation)
96
Q

What are the most common causes of TBI for adolescents/YA and older adults?

A

Adolescents/YA: motor vehicle collisions
Older adults: falls

97
Q

What are the two primary types of brain injuries, and how are they different?

A

Closed BI: no break in the skull

Penetrating BI: break in the skull (bone fragments can damage brain tissues and blood vessels); cognitive impairment tend to be more focal

98
Q

What are the two common kinds of closed BI?

A
  • Coup contrecoup
  • Diffuse axonal injury
99
Q

What are some facts about diffuse axonal injury?

A
  • tearing of brain’s connecting nerve fibers (axons) as the brain shifts and rotates inside the skull.
  • damage to white matter
  • changes are microscopic; difficult to see on CT/MRI
  • can lead to disorders of consciousness
  • three grades (Grade 1 is mild, Grade 3 is severe)
100
Q

What are some secondary injuries that can result from TBI?

A
  • increased intracranial pressure
  • hypoxia
  • hypotension
  • hypothermia
  • electrolyte disturbances
  • toxic amino acids
  • oxygen radicals
101
Q

What are some facts about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

A
  • produces neurodegeneration due to repeated head trauma
  • commonly found in athletes
  • can only be confirmed postmortem
  • abnormal tau protein accumulation can look similar to Alzheimer’s disease
  • reduced brain volume and ventricular enlargement
  • mood and cognitive impairment can appear years later (dysexecutive functioning and mood lability)
102
Q

What are the three classifications of TBI?

A

Mild: unconscious for less than 30min, PT amnesia lasting less than a day
Moderate: unconscious for 30 min-24 hours, PT amnesia lasts 1-7 days
Severe: unconscious for more than 24 hours, PT amnesia lasts over a week

103
Q

What are some conditions that should be considered when using the Glasgow coma scale?

A

If the client has used substance, medications, intubation, injury to the eye, hemiplegia, language

104
Q

How can post traumatic amnesia behaviorally present?

A
  • confused and disoriented
  • agitation and aggression
  • inability to recognize loved ones
  • childlike/clingy behavior
  • confabulation
105
Q

What is the RLAS-R used for?

A

Measuring level of assistance needed after post traumatic amnesia

106
Q

How long does it take for cognitive changes to resolve after mild TBI?

A

Within weeks to at most 3 months without treatment

107
Q

How long does it take for cognitive changes to resolve after moderate to severe TBI?

A

Two or more years

108
Q

What are some non-injury risk factors that can influence TBI outcomes?

A
  • pre-injury psychiatric status (anxiety/depression)
  • conduct issues/incarceration
  • age at injury (the younger, the better)
  • level of education (higher education, higher cognitive reserve)
  • stable employment
  • marital status (social support)
  • physical injuries sustained as well
109
Q

T/F: Stable employment 6 months pre-injury is the best predictor of return to employment post-injury.

A

True

110
Q

How are post-concussion syndrome and somatization different?

A

Post-concussion syndrome: conscious attempt of over presenting symptoms for primary (e.g., Munchausen)or secondary (malingering) gain

Somatization: unconscious (e.g., somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder)

111
Q

What are some microbes in our body?

A
  • Bacteria (most often talked about)
  • Archaea
  • Fungi
  • Protists
  • Viruses
  • Phages
  • Microscopic animals
112
Q

How many bacterias are in our body?

A

46 million

113
Q

What is a commensal bacteria?

A

“communalness” of bacterias where their existence is dependent on each other

114
Q

What are some neurochemical compounds that are produced in our guts?

A
  • GABA
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
115
Q

What are the difference between alpha and beta diversity?

A

Alpha diversity: how many species are present and how evenly they are represented in an individual
Beta diversity: comparing individuals to different samples

116
Q

What are some impact that microbiota have in our body?

A
  • impact gut-brain access
  • organ development
  • endocrine regulation
  • immunoregulation
  • metabolism
117
Q

What are some impact that microbiota have in our body?

A
  • impact gut-brain access
  • organ development
  • endocrine regulation
  • immunoregulation
  • metabolism
118
Q

What are some immunoregulatory disorders that can result from decreased biodiversity?

A
  • Asthma
  • Crohn’s
  • MS
  • type 1 diabetes
119
Q

T/F: Inflammation can contribute to depressive symptoms

A

True

120
Q

What is the biomarker for inflammation?

A

CRP

121
Q

What are some facts that demonstrate correlation between trauma and microbiome?

A
  • individuals with increased CRP (pre-deployment) had significant higher rate of developing PTSD
  • rate of autoimmune conditions is higher for those with PTSD
  • higher childhood trauma is correlated to lower microbiome abundance
  • gut microbiome after TBI changes rapidly within 72 hours-7days, but it comes back
122
Q

T/F: Those with PTSD tend to have low responsiveness of vagal tone.

A

False. Those with PTSD tend to have over-responsiveness of vagal tone

123
Q

What’s the difference between prebiotics and probiotics?

A

Prebiotics: substrate (aka food) for bacteria to grow (creating infrastructure, such as fiber, for bacteria to grow)
Probiotics: something that affects/adds to the microbiome

124
Q

T/F: Stroke is the second leading cause of disability in adults

A

False. Stroke is THE leading cause of disability in adults.

125
Q

What is a simple definition of stroke?

A

Interruption of normal blood flow to the brain

126
Q

Hunt-Hess/Fisher comatose grading

A

*for SAH severity measurement
-Grade I: Asymptomatic or mild headache (lower mortality)
-Grade V: coma (higher mortality)

127
Q

T/F: Aphasia is part of L ACA stroke.

A

False. Aphasia is part of L MCA stroke

128
Q

What is the common cause and symptoms of Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?

A

-Common cause: aneurysm
-Common symptoms: sudden onset of headache and nausea, visual change, loss of consciousness

129
Q

Hemiplegia v. Hemiparesis

A

Hemiplegia: paralysis affecting one side of the body
Hemiparesis: lesser degree of weakness than hemiplegia

130
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Loss of ability to execute skilled or learned movement patterns on command in the absence of weakness, sensory loss, comprehension difficulty,

131
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Disorder of recognition; Acquired inability to associate a perceived unimodal stimulus (i.e. visual, auditory, tactile) with meaning.

132
Q

What symptom is different in intraparenchymal hemorrhage v. SAH?

A

Alteration of consciousness (v. loss of consciousness)

133
Q

ICA Syndrome

A

Involves the MCA and ACA circulations
Can be very catastrophic

134
Q

Lateral Medullary Syndrome (Wallenberg)

A
  • Damage to the “fuse box” (medulla oblongata), the conduit of greater parts of the brain
    -Symptoms include dysphagia, persistent vertigo, inability to swallow, loss of proprioception

Physiological Psychology (3 decks)

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