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BIS 2B > for FINAL > Flashcards

for FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem

A

all species and their abiotic environment in an area

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2
Q

Trophic Level

A

the position of an organism in the ecosystem according to how it obtains energy

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3
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

the atmosphere by evaporation from the ground via transpiration from vegetation- a measure of solar radiation, temperature and rainfall

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4
Q

Food Chain

A

a linear sequence of species (or groups of species) in which each species feeds exclusively on the next trophic level down in the chain

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5
Q

Food Web

A

complex trophic relationships among species in an ecosystem

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6
Q

Biogeochemical cycle

A

the pattern of movement of a chemical element through living organisms and the four components of the physical environment (land, air, freshwater, oceans)

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7
Q

Eutrophication

A

the ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system

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8
Q

Ocean acidification

A

the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth’s oceans, caused by the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

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9
Q

Cryptic species

A

instances in which two or more indistinguishable species do not interbreed

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10
Q

Ecological isolation

A

potential mates do not meet

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11
Q

Gametic incompatibility

A

gametes fail to produce viable zygotes

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12
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

hybrids have developmental problems

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13
Q

Coadapted gene complex

A

a set of genetic traits which have high fitness when they occur together, but have low fitness when not together

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14
Q

Reinforcement

A

an adaptation to prevent the production of unfit hybrids, usually by strengthening of pre zygotic barriers in sympatric populations

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15
Q

Founder effect

A

colonists carry only a small fraction of the total variation in the source causing a loss of alleles in the founding population

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16
Q

Genetic drift

A

leads to further loss of alleles

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17
Q

Autopolyploids

A

union of unreduced gametes of the same species

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18
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

the development of many different forms from an originally homogeneous group of organisms as they fill different ecological niches

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19
Q

Competitive displacement

A

when a later group has caused the extinction of reduction of an earlier group. The later group outcompeted the earlier group

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20
Q

Totipotency

A

the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism (e.g. zygote)

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21
Q

Antigenic sites

A

specific parts of a pathogen protein (e.g. hemagglutinin) that the host’s immune system recognizes and remembers

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22
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

warming of the Earth causes by higher concentrations of gases that absorb heat

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23
Q

Fertilization effect

A

increased growth rate

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24
Q

Supporting

A

services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services

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25
Q

Provisioning

A

products obtained from ecosystems

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26
Q

Regulating

A

benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes

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27
Q

Cultural

A

nonmaterial benefits obtain from ecosystems

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28
Q

Biological Control

A

the use of natural enemies to control pests

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29
Q

Overexploitation

A

major problem for valuable animals and plants

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30
Q

Aposematic

A

species that are brightly colored to advertise that they are harmful

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31
Q

Character displacement

A

when species differ more where they are together (sympatric) than where they are alone (allopatric)

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32
Q

Coevolution

A

when two or more species affect one another’s evolution

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33
Q

Facilitation Model

A

early species modify the environment in a way that allows later species to colonize

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34
Q

Functional Niche

A

where a species lives and how it obtains resources
the total range of environmental conditions that are suitable for a species existence without the effects of other species. (Only abiotic factors)

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35
Q

Gene flow

A

movement of genotypes from one population to another

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36
Q

Heterozygous

A

when an individual has different copies of an allele (e.g. Ss)

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37
Q

Heterosis (hybrid vigor)

A

when fitness is higher for heterozygotes than for homozygotes

38
Q

Inbreeding

A

a form of nonrandom mating in which individuals are more likely to mate with relatives than with non relatives

39
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

when heterozygotes show a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes

40
Q

Limiting similarity

A

the limit in the degree of overlap that will allow species to coexist
Theoretical studies suggest that it is about 0.6

41
Q

Locus

A

the site on the chromosome of a gene

42
Q

Non synonymous

A

mutation that results in amino acid substitution

43
Q

Predation

A

when an animal eats another organism

44
Q

Sexual recombination

A

crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes amplifies the number of possible genotypes

45
Q

Succession

A

temporal change in community composition

46
Q

Biological evolution

A

change in the properties of populations over the course of generations caused by descent with modification

47
Q

Competition

A

a process that occurs when individuals share resources that are in short supply

48
Q

Cooperation

A

interactions among individuals in which all benefit

49
Q

Dispersion

A

the distribution of organisms in a space at one moment in time (random, clumped/patchy, uniform)

50
Q

Home Range

A

the area an animal normally lives

51
Q

Life Cycle

A

The entire span of stages in the life of an organism from the moment of fertilization (or asexual generation) to the time it reproduces and dies

52
Q

Mycorrizae (fungi)

A

enhance nutrient and water uptake

53
Q

Natural Selection

A

a process that produces adaptations resulting from differential reproductive success among organisms in the same population

54
Q

Phenotypic Variation

A

variation of observable traits in organisms; genetic (different phenotypes have different fitnesses)

55
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of organisms based on their genealogical relationships (common ancestry)

56
Q

Principle of allocation

A

all life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized, leading to tradeoffs

57
Q

Reproductive value (vx)

A

age-specific expectation of future reproduction

58
Q

Rhizobia (bacteria)

A

form nodules and are able to convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia (NH3)

59
Q

Stabilizing

A

Increasing a specific trait and decreasing the rest (variance decreases)

60
Q

Territory

A

an EXCLUSIVE area used and defended by an individual

61
Q

Trade-off

A

the relationship between the benefits and costs of a trait in different environment

62
Q

Acclimation

A

a relatively long-term response by an organism to environmental change (a type of phenotypic plasticity)

63
Q

Antibody x

A

any of numerous Y-shaped protein molecules produced by B cells as primary immune defense, each molecule and its clones having a unique binding site that can combine with the complementary site of a foreign antigen, as on a virus or bacterium, thereby disabling the antigen and signaling other immune defenses.

64
Q

Biome

A

an environment that is defined by its climatic and geographic attributes and characterized by ecologically similar organisms, particularly its dominant plants

65
Q

Codon x

A

a triplet of adjacent nucleotides in the messenger RNA chain that codes for a specific amino acid in the synthesis of a protein molecule

66
Q

Community

A

a set of species living in a particular place

67
Q

Denitrification

A

to reduce (nitrates) to nitrites, ammonia, and free nitrogen, as in soil by microorganisms

68
Q

Ecological Specialization

A

Distinct Flowers to get specific pollinators to only visit members of the same species

69
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other

70
Q

Exponential Growth

A

growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size

71
Q

Genetic Revolution

A

Rapid evolution due to speciation by dispersal

72
Q

Genotype-environment interaction

A

the phenotypic effect of interactions between genes and the environment

73
Q

Heterozygosity

A

the proportion of the population that are heterozygous

74
Q

Hybridization

A

the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids

75
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

reproductive success of an organism relative to others in the same population

76
Q

Intraguild Predation

A

the killing and eating of potential competitors

77
Q

Microsatellite

A

repeating sequences of 2-6 base pairs of DNA

78
Q

Nitrification

A

he chemical process in which a nitro group is added to an organic compound (or substituted for another group in an organic compound)

79
Q

Omnivory

A

an animal or person that eats food of both plant and animal origin

80
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

phenotypic variation during an individual’s lifetime caused by environmental variation.

81
Q

Realized Niche

A

the part of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies caused by interactions with other species. (with biotic factors)

82
Q

(Gene) Redundancy

A

a situation in which many copies of the same gene exist in a genome.

83
Q

Resistance

A

The failure of a condition to respond or remit following treatment. (medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease.

84
Q

r-K selection

A

k selected: stick close to carrying capacity, few offspring, low dispersal, high comp.
r selected: many offspring, short life

85
Q

Self-fertility

A

Fertilization by sperm from the same animal, as in some hermaphrodites, or by pollen from the same flower

86
Q

Symbiosis

A

intimate association between species (living together)

87
Q

Vector

A

(1) (epidemiology) An organism or vehicle that transmits the causative agent or disease-causing organism from the reservoir to the host.
(2) (molecular biology) A vehicle (e.g. a plasmid) used to transfer the genetic material such as DNA sequences from the donor organism to the target cell of the recipient organism.
(3) (biology) A biotic agent that disperses reproductive structures of another organism, as a bee transmitting pollen to the stigma of a flower.

88
Q

Vicariance

A

(biology)
The separation of a large group of organisms from the population due to a geographic barrier.
(geology)
The geologic event which produces geographic barrier, such as volcano, river, earthquake, etc.

89
Q

Virulence

A

The degree or ability of a pathogenic organism to cause disease.

90
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

flagellated protozoans with chloroplasts that live in the gastrodermis of corals

BIS 2B (3 decks)

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