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BIS 2B > BIS2B Midterm 2 > Flashcards

BIS2B Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory (Biologist)

A

All life is composed of cells

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2
Q

What is life? (Physicist)

A

Ability to evade the second law of thermodynamics (order to disorder)

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3
Q

What is life? (Evolutionary Biologist)

A

Ability to evolve- descent with modification

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4
Q

Opairn-Haldane Hypothesis

A
  1. Synthesis of complex organic molecules 2. Synthesis of self-replication molecules 3. Packaging of replicating molecules in a membrane- cell
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5
Q

Panspermia Hypothesis

A

Life originated on another planet and colonized earth

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6
Q

McKay study

A

meteor from Mars found in Antarctica. contained organic molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and objects that resemble tiny bacteria

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7
Q

Kvenvolden study

A

metorites that struck Murchison, Australia. found several different amino acids in significant concentrations

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8
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria may have originally been prokaryotic symbionts living inside primitive eukaryotic organisms. The relationship began when a large eukaryote engulfed a prokaryote but did not digest it.

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9
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

In sediments dated from 543-506Myr ago, most of the living animal phyla appeared, including the most diverse groups present today (Arthropoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Chordata)

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10
Q

What caused the Cambrian Explosion?

A

Increase in oxygen, sexual reproduction, regulatory genes, eyes, and predation

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11
Q

Oxygen’s effect on the Cambrian Explosion

A

increased atmospheric concentration facilitated the evolution of larger and more active animals

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12
Q

Sexual Reproduction’s effect on the Cambrian Explosion

A

the advent of recombination and independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis provided the genetic variation necessary for diversification in body plans

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13
Q

Regulatory genes’s effect on the Cambrian Explosion

A

evolution of genes that control the transcription of many other genes enabled animals to development diverse and complex body parts

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14
Q

Eyes’s effect on the Cambrian Explosion

A

the advent of sight enabled animals to forage many different ways leading to different body parts

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15
Q

Predation’s effect on the Cambrian Explosion

A

evolution of predators selected for adaptations in their prey that enabled them to escape predation (e.g. shells, burrowing)

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16
Q

Ordovician

A

occurred 450-440 Myr ago, extinction of ~75% of species

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17
Q

Devonian

A

occurred 364 Myr ago, extinction of ~75% of species

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18
Q

Permian

A

occurred 251 Myr ago, extinction of ~96% of species

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19
Q

Triassic

A

occurred 205 Myr ago, extinction of ~65% of species

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20
Q

Cretaceous

A

occurred 65 Myr ago, extinction of ~76% of species

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21
Q

Point mutation

A

single base pair substitution in DNA
causes: “Random errors in DNA replication
environmental factors: chemical, radiation

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22
Q

Synonymous

A

no change in the amino acid during translation

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23
Q

Nonsynonymous

A

results in amino acid substitution

ex: B-chain hemoglobin gene in humans

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24
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

caused by insertion or deletion of one or more base sequences which results in a series of amino acid substitutions during translation

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25
Q

pseudogenes

A

nonfunctional genes

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26
Q

Unequal cross-over

A

transfer of a segment (gene) from one homologous chromosome to the other

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27
Q

Blended Inheritance

A

hereditary determinants in the egg and sperm are irreversibly blended

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28
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

hereditary determinants in the egg and sperm are passed from generation to generation through “discrete particles” (now known as genes). These particles can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing in a descending generation. Discovered by Gregor Mendel.

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29
Q

Character

A

an observable physical feature (e.g. flower color)

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30
Q

Trait

A

a particular form of a flower (purple)

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31
Q

True-breeding

A

a particular trait is the only form present when crossed over many generations. Mendel used only such parents

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32
Q

Phenotype

A

the appearance of an organism

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33
Q

Genotype

A

genetic constitution of an organism

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34
Q

Homozygous

A

when an individual has the same copy of an allele (e.g. SS or ss)

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35
Q

Dominant

A

when an allele is expressed in a heterozygous individual

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36
Q

Recessive

A

when an allele is not expressed in a heterozygous individual

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37
Q

Law of segregation

A

when a diploid individual (with 2 copies of each allele) produced gametes, each contains only one copy.

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38
Q

Locus

A

the site on the chromosome of a gene

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39
Q

Heterozygous

A

when an individual has different copies of an allele (e.g. Ss)

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40
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

41
Q

Linkage

A

association between genes on the same chromosome such that they do not show independent assortment

42
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

when heterozygotes show a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes

43
Q

Sex linkage

A

pattern of inheritance characteristics caused by genes located on the sex chromosomes

44
Q

Quantitative genetics

A

the study of continuously measured traits (such as height or weight) and their mechanisms

45
Q

Quantitative trait

A

a phenotypic trait that varies continuously (rather than discretely) for different character states

46
Q

polygenic

A

they are due to variation at multiple loci (quantitative traits are typically this)

47
Q

Heritability (h^2)

A

the proportion of the phenotypic variation that is made up of genetic variance/
a measure of the trait’s ability to respond to selection (h^2)

48
Q

Selection differential

A

the difference between the mean of the population and the mean of the selected parents (S)

49
Q

Genetic variation

A

variation in alleles within individuals and populations and between populations

50
Q

Neutral mutation

A

accumulation of mutations that do not affect fitness

51
Q

Sexual recombination

A

crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes amplifies the number of possible genotypes

52
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

maintains genetic diversity when the fitness of rare genotypes is higher than common genotypes

53
Q

Heterosis (hybrid vigor)

A

when fitness is higher for heterozygotes than for homozygotes

54
Q

Gene flow

A

movement of genotypes from one population to another

55
Q

R

A

response to selection

56
Q

Breeder’s equation

A

h^2=R/S ???

57
Q

Competition

A

a process that occurs when individuals share resources that are in short supply

58
Q

Exploitation

A

individuals deplete resources by consuming or using them

59
Q

Interference

A

aggressive encounters among individuals

60
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

among individuals of the same species

61
Q

Interspecific competition

A

among individuals of different species

62
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

two species cannot coexist if they have the same niches (Gause)

63
Q

Functional Niche

A

where a species lives and how it obtains resources

64
Q

Resource partitioning

A

when species differ in the way they utilize their resources

65
Q

Limiting similarity

A

the limit in the degree of overlap that will allow species to coexist
Theoretical studies suggest that it is about 0.6

66
Q

3 Basic Ways Species May Partition Resources

A

Diet, Habitat, Time

67
Q

Character displacement

A

when species differ more where they are together (sympatric) than where they are alone (allopatric)

68
Q

Inbreeding

A

a form of nonrandom mating in which individuals are more likely to mate with relatives than with non relatives

69
Q

Inbreeding coefficient (F)

A

probability that a pair of genes are identical by descent

70
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

reduction in fitness of inbred organisms caused by increased frequency of deleterious recessive genes

71
Q

Genetic drift

A

random change in gene frequencies within populations caused by sampling error

72
Q

???

A

the proportion of the population that are heterozygous

73
Q

Predation

A

when an animal eats another organism

74
Q

Typical Predation

A

when an animal eats another animal

75
Q

Herbivory

A

when an animal eats a plant

76
Q

Parasitism

A

when an animal eats an organism that it lives on or in

77
Q

Coevolution

A

when two or more species affect one another’s evolution

78
Q

Aposematic

A

species that are brightly colored to advertise that they are harmful

79
Q

Mimicry

A

when two or more species (usually aposematic) resembles one another

80
Q

Batesian Mimicry

A

when a non-harmful species resembles a harmful species

81
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

when two or more harmful species resemble one another

82
Q

Temperature decline

A

killed species adapted to warm temperatures in low latitude regions and glaciation killed all species in high latitude regions

83
Q

Sea level decline

A

occurred during all 5 mass extinctions. Marine species became extinct on exposed continental shelves

84
Q

Volcanic eruptions

A

bury organisms, reduce sunlight (photosynthesis), emit sulfur oxides (acid rain dissolves calcium carbonate)

85
Q

Plate tectonics

A

formation of supercontinents (Pangaea) reduced sea levels and caused volcanic eruptions. Probably largely responsible for Permian mass extinction

86
Q

Asteroids

A

cause massive dust clouds that reduce sunlight. Probably largely responsible for Cretaceous mass extinction

87
Q

Gamma-ray bursts

A

from far away supernovae destroy the ozone layer which protects organisms from too much UV light

88
Q

Community

A

a set of species living in a particular place

89
Q

Community Ecology

A

the study of multiple species interactions and abiotic factors on the structure and dynamics of communities

90
Q

Predator-mediated coexistence

A

when predators reduce prey populations and thereby prevent competitive exclusion of prey species, increasing species diversity

91
Q

Disturbance-mediated coexistence

A

when abiotic disturbances reduce prey populations and thereby prevent competitive exclusion of prey species, increasing species diversity

92
Q

Competition Hypothesis

A

species are more specialized in the tropics, allowing more species to coexist

93
Q

Predation-Distubance Hypothesis

A

Predation and abiotic disturbances are at an intermediate level in the tropics allowing more species to coexist

94
Q

Succession

A

temporal change in community composition

95
Q

Primary Succession

A

begin on bare rock or sand (no soil)

96
Q

Secondary Succession

A

begins on soil

97
Q

Climax

A

final stage

98
Q

Supports the Facilitation Model

A

early species modify the environment in a way that allows later species to colonize

99
Q

Allele

A

different forms of a gene (e.g. S, s)

BIS 2B (3 decks)

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