For Final Flashcards

Question

Food Security exists when...

Answer 1

...people have access to enough food to be healthy, active, and productive food security is about the distribution and affordability of food as much as it is about food production

Answer 2

a metric that estimates the burden from undernutrition in a population with a focus on young children - residents of lower-income countries spend a much higher proportion of their incomes on food than people who live in higher-income countries spend

Answer 3

regions where people have limited access to healthful and affordable food. May be due to having a low income or having to travel farther to find healthful food options without access to healthful foods, people living in food deserts may be at higher risk of diet-related conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease #1 cited reason = lack of transport

Answer 4

the shift in diet and energy expenditure that coincides with economic/demographic/epidemiological changes Genetic changes do not explain why obesity has become so much more prevalent in recent decades; it takes generations for genetic adaptations to occur, but only take a short time to change dietary and exercise habits the nutrition transition is also related to a variety of globalization processes, including changing perceptions of beauty/health

Answer 5

a form of malnutrition caused by excessive intake of calories and nutrients

Answer 6

a measure of body composition calculated by taking weight in kg and dividing by the square of the height in meters

Answer 7

type 2 diabetes, hypertension (high bp), heart disease, strokes, gallstones and other digestive disorders, back pain, arthritis of the back and hip, and several types of cancer

Answer 8

The life expectancy is higher in high-income countries, so more people live long enough to develop cancer, but this trend is present even after adjusting for differences in the age structures of pops people who live in high income countries are significantly more likely to receive a cancer diagnosis than are people of the same age who live in low-income countries * People in low-income countries who have cancer are more likely to die from the disease than are people the same age who live in high-income countries - diagnosed at an advanced stage - lack of treatment access

Answer 9

30% of men and 20% of women about 1/8 deaths worldwide each year is caused by cancer

Answer 10

1. cancer mortality rates are fairly similar across income groups - people in high-income countries have higher likelihood of receiving cancer diagnosis and are more likely to survive - people in low-income countries have lower likelihoods of being diagnosed with cancer and are less likely to survive 2. so if you can afford to get screened, your chances of survival are much greater

Answer 11

Case detection: prescriptive screening Control of disease: prospective screening Research Purposes

Answer 12

a type of secondary prevention in which all members of a well-defined group of people are encouraged to be tested for a disease based on evidence that members of the population are at risk for the disease and that early intervention improves health outcomes

Answer 13

pap smear for cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer mammography for breast cancer PSA test for prostate cancer Fecal occult blood for colon cancer HIV screening test

Answer 14

refers to accuracy

Answer 15

may be consistent but may be innacurate

Answer 16

the proportion of people who truly have the disease who test positive for the disease the amoung of true positives over the amount of positive results the ability of a test to identify correctly those who have the disease (a) from all individuals with the disease (a+c) SEN = the proportion of cases that test positive

Answer 17

the proportion of people who are truly free of the disease who test negative for it the amount of true negatives over the amount of negative results = the ability of the test to identify correctly those who do not have the disease (d) from all individuals free from the disease (b+d)

Answer 18

PVP = proportion of positive tests that are true cases - true positives / (true positives + false positives) PVN = proportion of negative tests that are true non-cases - True negatives / (true negatives + false negatives)

Answer 19

Principle: Potential Harm Beneficience: screening program may have benefit on population level for those offered treatment but not every case will benefit Non-malfeasance: psychological harm from false positive (before confirmatory testing), preventable deaths resulting from FN test, Iatrogenic harm from subsequent diagnostic testing, false reassurance from FN Justice: ensure equality in uptake and linkage to care pathways among deprived and affluent poulations (harm = access) Privacy: during screening and confirmatory testing Autonomy: communicating risk to patients is notoriously difficult

Answer 20

BC is the leading cause of cancer death in low- and middle-income countries and for women globally - cervical cancer is a much larger share of all cancers in Africa than elsewhere growing awareness; e.g. breast cancer walk in Nigeria BC 2nd most common cancer type among women in Uganda after cervical cancer late-stage detection - women only go to health facilities once the disease has progressed to late stage - making treatment longer + more difficult Malawi also struggles to stem cases BC rates on the rise - country only has one treatment center median survival rate seems to be dropping Prevention strategies: PAP smear - need speculum, lamp, cytobrush, slide, microscope, pathologist, 2-week followup VIA: visual inspection after acetic acid (more accessible) - women will gravitate more toward this - need speculum, lamp, cotton swab, vinegar, no pathologist, quick turnaround w digital camera photography of cervix

Answer 21

an exposure or characteristic that increases the likelihood of developing a particular disease

Answer 22

Age - nearly 60% of cancer diagnoses and 70% of cancer deaths worldwide occur in people at least 60yrs old Aging is a nonmodifiable risk factor (cannot be changed through health interventions)

Answer 23

modifiable risk factors: risk factors that can be altered Behavioral risk factors: tobacco smoking, exercise habits, and other lifestyle practices Causal factors: an exposure that has been scientifically tested and shown to occur before the disease outcome and to contribute directly to its occurrence (ex: HPV) ## Footnote Many diseases are multicausal, which means that many different risk factors contribute to the disease occurring, and many possible pathways for the primary prevention of cancer

Answer 24

occurring in which the risk factors accounting for the largest proportion of preventable morbidity and mortality globally are shifting pre-transition: undernutrition, unsafe water, indoor air pollution, other factors that increase risk of childhood infectious disease Post-transition: obesity, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and other exposures that increase risk of chronic disease

Answer 25

"the re-normalization of smoking in the community" WHO concerned that electronic nicotine delivery systems ar ebeing marketed toward adolescents JUUL School - designed to be taught by a Juul consultant - curriculum included science of e-cigs, social pressures, and using mindfulness to combat e-cig use - offered school stipends if they adopted this

Answer 26

No, it is rarely possible the existence of prevention methods for some types of cancer doesnt mean all cancers are preventable Individual blame does not help screening is handy - next best option to prevention

Answer 27

physical damage to the body inflicted by an external force not synonymous with the word accident most injuries could have been prevented with safety measures

Answer 28

an unfortunte event that happens by chance, implying that nothing could have been done to prevent the misfortune

Answer 29

an unplanned injury that happens very quickly

Answer 30

a purposefully inflicted physical trauma

Answer 31

global public health is a business of prevention

Answer 32

RTIS = injuries sustained in collisions involving at least one moving motor vehicle ( as opposed to, for example an injury sustained when someone falls off a bicicyle) much higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries What really matters is if you can get treatment -most vehicle collisions in high-income countries involved 2 vehicles crashing together - in lower-income countries the victims of a collission of often motorcyclists or pedestrians who are struck by a car or truck - the difference in mortality rates is exacerbated by people in lower-income countries having limited access to lifesaving care

Answer 33

an event that causes a person to land on the ground or floor

Answer 34

an injury to skin or deeper tissues that is caused by contact with fire, boiling water, or other very hot substances, or less often, by radiation, electricity, friction, extreme cold, and some types of chemicals (not just fire, but toxicity)

Answer 35

CDC cant do research on gun violence, need funding, which is sometimes based on langauge used? leading cause of premature death in the US Burden of gun violence in US vastly outpaces that in comparable countries Think abt the language we us

Answer 36

the process of experiencing respiratory impairment due to being submerged or immersed in water or another liquid - can occur in a large body of water or a very small amount of water, such as a bathtub or bucket - drowning often results in death, but it is possible to resucitate some victims who have been underwater for only a few minutes and are still alive when they are rescued percentage of deaths due to drowning peacks in childhood (also a bit in older adults) Black children ages 5-14 are 3x more likely than white children to drown - think about who has access to learning how to swim

Answer 37

the use of force or power to threaten or inflict physical, sexual and/or psychological harm on another person

Answer 38

self-directed violence = physical trauma inflicted by an individual on his or her own body, such as cutting and suicide attempts. Suicide is the intentional taking of ones own life Interpersonal violence = trauma inflicted on an individual by a family member, intimate partner, friend, or stranger - occurs when one person threatens to harm or actually harms another individual through power and control - can occur across the lifespan (child abuse --> elder abuse) Collective violence = violence perpetrated by members of a group as part of a shared plan to accomplish a political, social, or economic goal, such as war, armed conflicts, mob violence, gang violence, terrorist acts, and other acts of group violence

Answer 39

physical or sexual violence by a current or former spouse or partner About 1/3 women worldwide have experienced physical IPV, sexual OPV, and/or non-partner sexual assault. This number may be higher for LGBTQ communities

Answer 40

physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse inflicted on an individual because of that individual's gender -mostly involves victimization of females -females may have little power over their own bodies both because of gender norms that give men authority over women and because women tend to be smaller and physically weaker than men...ex: young girls may be subjected to female genital mutilation (FGM)

Answer 41

About 1 in 5 Mental health disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide, accounting for 1/5th of the worlds disability

Answer 42

Covid-19 had a profound effect on prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide

Answer 43

characterized by sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest in usual activities, fatigue, poor concentration, and other negative thoughts, feelings, and physical symptoms that interfere with normal daily thoughts Sometimes called unipolar depressive disorder to distingish it from bipolar disorder ...people with unipolar depressive disorder experience depression without the cycles of mania experience by people with bipolar disorder

Answer 44

Every region in the woorld bears a significant burden from mental health issues Mental health is a human rights issue - there are therapies/treatments/supports available, but access is not always there Critical Gaps: -limited knowledge of the causes of mental health disorders significant limitations in our ability to prevent mental health disorders through interventions across the lifespan -major barriers to accessing mental health diagnosis and effective treatment (true B4 covid, Covid just heightened it)

Answer 45

Yes The global burden from mental health disorders will not be reduced without vigorous international commitments to working together to develop effective new treatments, increase access to speciality care, and reduce the stigma associated with mental illnesses (Medications and various types of therapy, support, and training are effective at improving quality of life for people with neuropsychiatric conditions, but most people who would benefit from these interventions are unable to access them In many communities, people with mental illness are treated badly

Answer 46

=a mental health disorder characterized by distorted perceptions of reality Delusions = false beliefs that are irrational but seem very real to the person experiencing them Hallucinations = sensory distortions that cause the affected person to hear, see, feel, smell, or taste something that isnt present also, disorganized thinking and speech and impaired decision making and memory

Answer 47

formerly called manic depression, is characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania or hypomania It is likely that 1% to 2% of adults have bipolar disorder, but it is difficult to assess the actual prevalence because diagnosis can be clinically challenging because of comorbid conditions

Answer 48

Depression is a leading cause of disability globally because it affects so many people worldwide and it causes significant reductions in productivity at work, home, and school There is considerable variation in country-specific prevalence rates of depression: - countries with higher depression prevalence rates tend to include milder case of depression in their statistics, while countries with lower depression prevalence rates tend to include in their analyses only moderate and severe cases of depression associated with significant impairment

Answer 49

characterized by disproportionate fear of imminent danger and anxiety about potential future threats Generalized anxiety disorder = persistent excessive worrying about numerous concerns, often accompanies by sleep disturbances, muscle tension, and fatigue Panic disorder = repeated attacks that last for several intense minutes and cause a racing heartbeat, dizziness or weakness, and other disturbing symptoms among the most common mental health issues globally, one of the leading causes of disability worldwide

Answer 50

= a cognitive and neurological condition characterized by adverse behaviors related to physical or psychological dependence

Answer 51

excessive alcohol use causes cirrhosis and other forms of liver damage, cancers, andother NCDs, unintentional injuries and intentional injuries, and premature mortality Men have a particularly high rate of adverse effects from alcohol use - more likely to report binge drinking and alcohol use disorders There is no other consumer product as widely available as alcohol that accounts for as much premature death and disability The African Region is faced with a growing burden of harmful alcohol consumption and its disasterous effects

Answer 52

cannabis products are the most widely used illicit drugs worldwide, but the greatest disability is associate with injectable drugs -a person who injects drugs (PWID) also called an injecting drug user (IDU), faces numerous negative health outcomes, including an increased risk of viral hepatitis, HIV infection, and premature mortality Few policies and programs have been proven to be effective at reducing the burden from illicit drug use Prevention of use is still key but recognition that these are syndemic issues - recall 2016 outbreak of HIV in Scott Co, IN linked to shared needles

Answer 53

OCD involved anxiety-inducing recurrent thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors intended to reduce distress or prevent bad events (compulsions)

Answer 54

occurs after a traumatic incident leads to nightmares or other types of distressing recollections of the event; avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event; and pysiological signs of hyperarousal, such as hypervigilance and insomnia

Answer 55

caused 7.1% of DALYs lost in high income countries and 4.6% of DALYs globally in 2016 often start at young ages and are chronic, often cannot be cured, produce large amounts of disability

Answer 56

the consumption and processing of foods that allow the body to survive, grow, heal, and be healthy

Answer 57

the shift from having undernutrition and nutrient deficiencies as the most prevalent nutrition concerns to having overweight and obesity as the dominant nutritional disorders (and co-incident NCDS)

Answer 58

an essential part of the diet

Answer 59

malnutrition resulting from deficiencies in the amount of food or types of nutrients eaten, or from poor absorption of the nutrients that have been consumed

Answer 60

the measurement of the human body height, weight, waiste circumference, body fat percentage, and other meaurements

Answer 61

a child with low height for age, and indicator of chronic malnutrition

Answer 62

a child with low weight for age

Answer 63

a child with low weight for height, a sign of acute malnutrition often characterized by rapidly decreasing nutritional health status

Answer 64

a child with a weight for height z-score below -3, a condition requiring urgent medical care Mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) is another indicator of wasting, and children with a MUAC of less than 11.5 cm have SAM

Answer 65

a severe form of chronic malnutrition that presents in 2 diff forms 1. Marasmus: children who are emaciated, weak, and lethargic because of long-term calorie deprivation chronic wasting away of fat, muscle, and other tissues in the body 2. Kwashiorkor = children lacking protein in the diet who develop edema, fluid retention in extracellular spaces that causes swelling of the tissues in the arms, legs, and face Severe PEM is a form of severe acute malnutrition

Answer 66

antibiotics to treat infections gradual increase in dietary calories from carbs, sugars, and fats gradual increases in dietary proteins IV fluids to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances lactase to assist in digestion of dairy products vitamin and mineral supplements to treat deficiencies

Answer 67

make sure diet has enough carbs,fats, and proteins sounds simple but.. globally 150mil U5 children have stunted growth

Answer 68

culture-bound syndromes include a broad array of psychological, somatic, and behavioral symptoms that are present in certain cultural contexts, and are readily recognized as illness behavior by most participants in that culture. may not exist elsewhere or be labeled as a disease condition or illness elsewhere e.g. koro in parts of PNG

Answer 69

-we can encounter 'self-fulfilling prophecies' and undermine our own best efforts if we do not adequately account for cultural context -PTSD is a diagnosis that fits a Northern/Western world, in which people see themselves as autonomous individuals first and members of groups and social networks second. In a so-called traditional culture, the diagnosis just doesn't make sense.

Answer 70

less than half

Answer 71

anorexia, bulimia, binge eating

Answer 72

neurological and development disorders that present in childhood and require early intervention for the best outcomes e.g. ADHD, autism, etc Autism= a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in early childhood and causes challenges with social communication

Answer 73

neurological and cognitive disorders such as dementia that typically develop in older adulthood. Also TBI as a result of injury is on the rise. Dementia - a chronic syndrome characterized by memory loss, confusion, and other signs of impaired cognitive function Alzheimer's disease - the most prevalent dementia, accounting for about 2/3 of diagnosed dementia cases

Answer 74

entitlements that are due to every person simply because that person is human

Answer 75

targets that govts set for improving the health of the population they govern - this is where culture may play a role think: how does this look diff in diff places?

Answer 76

Catastrophe > disaster > emergency > crisis

Answer 77

a global agreement that aims to significantly reduce the # of deahts and the magnitude of destruction caused by natural disasters

Answer 78

AKA disaster management oversees all resources and responsibilities related to emergencies and disasters, including prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery

Answer 79

the process of implementing preemptive measures to protect people and property from hazards resilience = the ability ot resist, survive, adapt to, and recover from adverse events

Answer 80

1. reduction of risks 2. readiness 3. response 4. recovery

Answer 81

occurs when civil conflict or war cause mass migration of civilian populations, food insecurity, and long-term public health concerns Natural disasters usually create an immediate period of acute need but quickly transition into recovery mode: CHEs may remain in acute phase for years or even decades 2 key pops are often central to CHE studies: migrants and refugees

Answer 82

Migrants: choose to move not because of a direct threat of persecution or death, but mainly to improve their lives by finding work, or in some cases for education, family reunion, or other reasons. Unlike refugees who cannot safely return home, migrants face no such impediment to return. If they choose to return home, they will continue to receive that protection of ther gov Refugees: are persons fleeing armed conflict or persecution. There were 21.3 million of them worldwide at the end of 2015. Their situation is often so perilous and intolerable that they cross national borders to seek safety in nearby countries, and thus become internationally recognized as "refugees" with access to assistance from States, UNHCR, and other orgs. They are so recognized precicsely because it is too dangerous for them to return home and they need sanctuary elsewhere.

Answer 83

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - officially sanctioned by the Geneva Convention and international law to provide specific humanitarian services to civilian and military victims of conflicts. Deems itself neutral MSF provides medical care to people harmed by violence no matter what the victims' races, religions, or political affiliations - however they have taken stances against organizations and conflicts