Basic GPEH Flashcards
The Levels of Prevention
Primary Prevention, Secondary Prevention, Tertiary Prevention
Primary Prevention (also called, target pop, goal, examples)
Also called Prevention.
Target pop: people without disease
Goal: preventing disease from ever occurring
Examples: vaccination children to protect from polio, giving vitamin A capsules to prevent blindness
Secondary Prevention (also called, target pop, goal, examples)
Also called early diagnosis.
Target pop: people with early non-symptomatic disease
Goal: reduce the severity of disease and prevent disability and death
Examples: checking blood pressure routinely to detect the onset of hypertension, screening with mammography to detect early-stage breast cancer
Tertiary Prevention (also called, target pop, goal, examples)
also called treatment and rehabilitation.
Target pop: people with symptomatic
Goal: reduce impairment and minimize suffering
Examples: extracting death with severe decay to alleviate pain, providing physical therapy to people who have been injured in a vehicle collision in order to prevent long-term disability
Health Transition Definition
A health transition is a shift in the health status of a population that usually occurs in conjunction with socioeconomic development
Types of health transitions
Fertility transition, demographic transition, obstetric transition, nutrition transition, risk transition, epidemiologic transition, mortality transition, aging transition
Fertility transition pre and post transition populations
Pre: the typical woman gives birth to several children
Post: The typical woman gives birth to only one child or two children
Demographic transition pre and post transition populations
pre: the total population size may be increasing due to high birth rates
post: the total population size may be shrinking because birth rates are so low
Obstetric Transition pre and post transition populations
pre: pregnancy-related conditions are a common cause of death in women of reproductive age
post: the maternal mortality rate is very low
Nutrition Transition pre and post transition populations
Pre: underweight is a major concern
Post: overweight is a major concern
Risk Transition pre and post transition populations
Pre: environmental exposures like unsafe drinking water and polluted indoor air are major contributors to disease
Post: lifestyle factors like physical inactivity and tobacco use are major contributors to disease
Epidemiologic Transition pre and post transition populations
Pre: infectious diseases in children are a significant burden to the population
Post: chronic diseases in adults are theh dominant health concern in the population
Mortality transition pre and post transition populations
Pre: high death rates in children and reproductive-age adults mean that few people live to very old age
Post: low mortality rates for children and reproductive-age adults allow many people to live to old age
Aging Transition pre and post transition populations
Pre: children comprise the majority of the total population
Post: Older adults are a growing proportion of the population
Prioritization Strategies
Populations: what is the biggest bang for our buck?
Action: what is low cost (an action)?
Cooperation: health concerns cannot just be addressed top-down –> need an interdisciplinary approach
Equity: who has the resources + who has the problems (equity sometimes is not prioritized)
Security: what will affect political + economic security (e.g. environmental hazards)
PACES
WHO definition of Health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
How does nomenclature impact perception?
It impacts how we think about who gets the disease, how it spreads, where it originated, etc
Global Health refers to
the collaborative actions taken to identify and address transnational concerns about the exposures and diseases that adversely affect human populations
means local health as well
Global Health 1.0
“tropical medicine”
primarily concerned with keeping white men alive in the tropics
Colonial overtones
Global Health 2.0
International Health
clever people in rich countries helping people in poor countries
cold war overtones
Global Health 3.0
still the main manifestation of global health
researchers in rich countries leading research programs in poor countries
still wealth gap, but more collaboration
Global Health 4.0
research + other activities being led by researchers from low and middle income countries
the future
Decolonizing global health as a priority so we move closer to global health 4.0
Health Interventions tell us
where + when to intervene –> a strategic action intended to improve individual and population health status
Etiology
the study of social and behavior, environmental, biological, and other cuases of disease
* A person’s health status at a given age is a function of their expreriences across their life course
Medicine Functions
preventing, diagnosing, and treating health problems in individuals and families
Public Health Functions
promoting health + preventing illnesses, injuries, and early deaths at the pop level by identifying and mitigating environmental hazards, promoting healthy behaviors, ensuring access to essential health services, and taking other actions to protect the health, safety, and wellbeing of groups of people
The 10 essential public health services
- Moniter health status to identify community health problems
- Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
- inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
- mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
- develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
- enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
- link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
- ensure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce
- evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
- research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
Interventions can be targeted at any level…elaborate + examples
from the individual to the community, the nation, and the world…all can be effective at improving personal and public health
examples: nutritional support for infants, antibiotics, skilled birth attendants, medical therapies for disease
Prevention science definition
the process of determining which health interventinos are ffective in various populations, how successful the interventions are, and how well they can be scaled up for widespread implementation
Prevention is better than a cure
“Dual burden” of disease
the need for health systems in middle-income countries to address both pre-transition and post-transition health problems
