Basic GPEH

Question 1

The Levels of Prevention

Answer 1

Primary Prevention, Secondary Prevention, Tertiary Prevention

Question 2

Primary Prevention (also called, target pop, goal, examples)

Answer 2

Also called Prevention.
Target pop: people without disease
Goal: preventing disease from ever occurring
Examples: vaccination children to protect from polio, giving vitamin A capsules to prevent blindness

Question 3

Secondary Prevention (also called, target pop, goal, examples)

Answer 3

Also called early diagnosis.
Target pop: people with early non-symptomatic disease
Goal: reduce the severity of disease and prevent disability and death
Examples: checking blood pressure routinely to detect the onset of hypertension, screening with mammography to detect early-stage breast cancer

Question 4

Tertiary Prevention (also called, target pop, goal, examples)

Answer 4

also called treatment and rehabilitation.
Target pop: people with symptomatic
Goal: reduce impairment and minimize suffering
Examples: extracting death with severe decay to alleviate pain, providing physical therapy to people who have been injured in a vehicle collision in order to prevent long-term disability

Question 5

Health Transition Definition

Answer 5

A health transition is a shift in the health status of a population that usually occurs in conjunction with socioeconomic development

Question 6

Types of health transitions

Answer 6

Fertility transition, demographic transition, obstetric transition, nutrition transition, risk transition, epidemiologic transition, mortality transition, aging transition

Question 7

Fertility transition pre and post transition populations

Answer 7

Pre: the typical woman gives birth to several children
Post: The typical woman gives birth to only one child or two children

Question 8

Demographic transition pre and post transition populations

Answer 8

pre: the total population size may be increasing due to high birth rates
post: the total population size may be shrinking because birth rates are so low

Question 9

Obstetric Transition pre and post transition populations

Answer 9

pre: pregnancy-related conditions are a common cause of death in women of reproductive age
post: the maternal mortality rate is very low

Question 10

Nutrition Transition pre and post transition populations

Answer 10

Pre: underweight is a major concern
Post: overweight is a major concern

Question 11

Risk Transition pre and post transition populations

Answer 11

Pre: environmental exposures like unsafe drinking water and polluted indoor air are major contributors to disease
Post: lifestyle factors like physical inactivity and tobacco use are major contributors to disease

Question 12

Epidemiologic Transition pre and post transition populations

Answer 12

Pre: infectious diseases in children are a significant burden to the population
Post: chronic diseases in adults are theh dominant health concern in the population

Question 13

Mortality transition pre and post transition populations

Answer 13

Pre: high death rates in children and reproductive-age adults mean that few people live to very old age
Post: low mortality rates for children and reproductive-age adults allow many people to live to old age

Question 14

Aging Transition pre and post transition populations

Answer 14

Pre: children comprise the majority of the total population
Post: Older adults are a growing proportion of the population

Question 15

Prioritization Strategies

Answer 15

Populations: what is the biggest bang for our buck?
Action: what is low cost (an action)?
Cooperation: health concerns cannot just be addressed top-down –> need an interdisciplinary approach
Equity: who has the resources + who has the problems (equity sometimes is not prioritized)
Security: what will affect political + economic security (e.g. environmental hazards)

PACES

Question 16

WHO definition of Health

Answer 16

a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 17

How does nomenclature impact perception?

Answer 17

It impacts how we think about who gets the disease, how it spreads, where it originated, etc

Question 18

Global Health refers to

Answer 18

the collaborative actions taken to identify and address transnational concerns about the exposures and diseases that adversely affect human populations

means local health as well

Question 19

Global Health 1.0

Answer 19

“tropical medicine”
primarily concerned with keeping white men alive in the tropics
Colonial overtones

Question 20

Global Health 2.0

Answer 20

International Health
clever people in rich countries helping people in poor countries

cold war overtones

Question 21

Global Health 3.0

Answer 21

still the main manifestation of global health
researchers in rich countries leading research programs in poor countries
still wealth gap, but more collaboration

Question 22

Global Health 4.0

Answer 22

research + other activities being led by researchers from low and middle income countries

the future

Decolonizing global health as a priority so we move closer to global health 4.0

Question 23

Health Interventions tell us

Answer 23

where + when to intervene –> a strategic action intended to improve individual and population health status

Question 24

Etiology

Answer 24

the study of social and behavior, environmental, biological, and other cuases of disease
* A person’s health status at a given age is a function of their expreriences across their life course

Question 25

Medicine Functions

Answer 25

preventing, diagnosing, and treating health problems in individuals and families

Question 26

Public Health Functions

Answer 26

promoting health + preventing illnesses, injuries, and early deaths at the pop level by identifying and mitigating environmental hazards, promoting healthy behaviors, ensuring access to essential health services, and taking other actions to protect the health, safety, and wellbeing of groups of people

Question 27

The 10 essential public health services

Answer 27

1. Moniter health status to identify community health problems
2. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
3. inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
4. mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems
5. develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
6. enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
7. link people to needed personal health services and ensure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable
8. ensure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce
9. evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
10. research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems

Question 28

Interventions can be targeted at any level…elaborate + examples

Answer 28

from the individual to the community, the nation, and the world…all can be effective at improving personal and public health
examples: nutritional support for infants, antibiotics, skilled birth attendants, medical therapies for disease

Question 29

Prevention science definition

Answer 29

the process of determining which health interventinos are ffective in various populations, how successful the interventions are, and how well they can be scaled up for widespread implementation

Prevention is better than a cure

Question 30

“Dual burden” of disease

Answer 30

the need for health systems in middle-income countries to address both pre-transition and post-transition health problems